1. Structure and Reactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter in the Critical Zone Vicki Chu Jon Chorover, Leif Abrell Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ UA/NASA Space Grant Consortium

2. A thin surface layer of vegetation, soil, and fractured rock at the earth’s surface ~Earth’s “outer skin” artwork by R. Kindlimann Introduction The Critical Zone

3. Critical Zone (CZ) of Earth still largely remains poorly understood Fundamental research questions How does the Critical Zone form? How does it function? How will it change in the future? Answering these questions informs us about finding life elsewhere

4. Introduction The Critical Zone What we know Constantly infused with fresh water & gases that support biological activity and weathering processes Geochemical weathering = breaking down of rock, soil, minerals Activity leaves “biosignature” in the weathering profile Used to find evidence of existing or past life

5. Introduction The Critical Zone Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) Derived from decay of terrestrial vegetation, algal biomass, and anthropogenic sources such as treated wastewater Macromolecule components: Lignins, sugars, peptides Indicators of source of DOM

6. Previous Findings/Research Objective Previously found: Existence of relationships between dissolved organic matter (DOM) and metals across a gradient of ascending and descending limbs of storms Goal : To understand at the molecular scale, the nature of these DOM-metal complexes through looking at the specific structural features of DOM contributing to these relationships

7. Research Approach DOM will be characterized across ascending and descending limbs of summer monsoon storm discharge Water samples collected from Marshall-Gulch weir at the Santa Catalina CZ Observatory

8. Research Site NSF-funded Santa Catalina CZ Observatory Marshall-Gulch weir Provides high proportion of water that sustains growing urban populations http://criticalzone.org/

9. Methods Automated ISCO Sampler at MG-Weir Stream discharge collected from MG-Weir over a hydrograph Obtain DOM structural data through high resolution full scan mass spectrometry (MS) By infusion Total Organic Carbon (TOC) By high temperature combustion and infrared detection of CO 2

10. Results Hydrograph overlaid with sample TOC concentrations

11. Results Selected regions of full scan QToF mass spectrum with assigned molecular formulae from CZO-004 (peak of storm)

12. Results Plot from mass range 340 – 380 Da of O/C and H/C ratios

13. Results Samples TOC (ppm) Average # Molecular Formulae per unit mass Average error assignment (ppm) Average Peak Pick lower threshold (cps) Number of scans CZO Samples 9.32 - 140.13 2.001.521.2 6548 - 85124 Table 1: Success of assigning Molecular Formulae to different CZO samples

14. Conclusions A magnitude difference in sample concentration could be overcome by running an infusion experiment longer Number and quality of molecular formulae assigned varied little between samples of varying TOC concentration Direct injection with high enough resolving power is enough to separate tightly packed signals from one another in the DOM mixtures (e.g. 349.0650 vs. 349.1280)

15. Future Direction Evaluating bulk of molecular formulae as a group (rather than just selected regions) for characteristic ratios: C/H and C/O Use ratios to explore correlations between DOM and metals along the ascending and descending limb of a storm Help indicate the sources of DOM and thus how to use biosignatures as indicators of existing/past life

16. Acknowledgments Special thanks to: Mentors Dr. Jon Chorover and Dr. Leif Abrell Nate Abramson, Shawn Pedron NASA Space Grant Consortium ALEC-Chorover Lab group SWES Department

17. Thank you for listening!