1. Bottom-up Measurement and Verification of Energy Efficiency Improvements: National & Regional Examples Monitoring of Energy Audits in Finland Bottom-up since 1994 Heikki Väisänen Ulla Suomi Ministry of Trade and Industry Motiva Oy European Parliament 3 March 2005

2. VA Coverage Public sector: ~ 58 % of building vol. Private service & gov. bldg: ~ 25 % of building vol. Industry: ~ 85 % of total energy use The Finnish Three Instrument Package 0,5 TWh/a Total effect approx. 5,0 TWh in 2002 (not 6,1) Monitoring boundaries Voluntary agreements 1997-> Energy Audits 1992-> Subsidies 1992 EAs 1998 EEIs EA Coverage Municipalities ~ 50 % of building vol. Private services ~ 25 % of building vol. Industry: ~ 70 % of electricity ~ 60 % of heat and fuels 4,1 TWh/a (4,8 TWh/a 2003) 1,5 TWh/a

3. Energy Audit Programme Main figures by the end of 2004 Total over 6200 buildings covered by the EA Programme  Public sector: ~ 3600 buildings~ 60 million m3  Private sector: ~ 1600 buildings~ 65 million m3  Industry: ~ 1000 sites~ electricity 31 TWh/a ~ heat and fuels 70 TWh/a Total audit costs (1992-2004)  41 M€, subsidy 19 M€  4 M€/a, subsidy 1,7 M€/a (approx. level last 3…4 years) EA database - MOTICOP (since 1994)  ~5000 statistically valid energy audit reports (31 building types)  33 000 energy saving measures (30 categories)  350 000 – 400 000 individual figures  Average 110 subsidy applications/year  Average 400 energy audit reports/year

4. I Monitoring Process of Energy Audits Energy Audit Clients 15 Regional EED Centres EA Database Motiva Energy Audit reports Follow-up via questionnaire Subsidy applications VA Database III III VA~EA Clients 1995 1996 1999 Follow-up via Voluntary Agreement reporting 2000…

5. 1. Subsidy Application Document – filed manually  Basic data: applicant (sector/branch) and the building (type, volume) or site (energy consumptions)  Energy audit model applied, audit cost and subsidy, named energy auditors 2. Energy Audit Report – filed via an Excel-file  Basic data checked and updated  TABLE 1 “Energy & water consumptions” and TABLE 2 “Proposed measures” 3. Follow-up – transferred from VA database  Implementation status of the proposed measures (TABLE 2) The 3-Phase Data Collection Process CONS. NO

6. I Not only to get the figure ”1 TWh/a” EA Database Data input process 5…7 months/a 1½ months/a ”1 TWh/a” 2 days work Annual Report on Energy Audits Quality Control of EA Reports 6…10 months/a Data verification and correction continuos process Data verification ”automatic alarm” Specific Analysis Ministries Media Clients Auditors Motiva EU 1½ months/a 33.000 measures 30 categories 31 building types

7. Cumulative subsidy granted for energy audits and cumulative audit costs during the period 1992-2004

8. Energy audit volumes in the service sector during the period 1992-2004 12,2 7,3 2,5 2,8 3,0 4,7 2,1 4,1 11,4 6,3 3,1 2,2 4,2 6,6 3,2 4,5 10,2 5,2 5,0 6,2 3,5 3,4 1,2 0,7 2,9 4,8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004 Building volume million m3 MunicipalitiesPrivate sector

9. Total consumptions, energy costs, saving potentials and investments in the public sector 1998-2003 Present consumptionMUNICIPAL SECTOR 923 buildings Savings potential 1998-2003 Heat 765 425MWh/a97 191MWh/a12,7% 23 230 718€/a2 836 359€/a12,2% Electricity 317 890MWh/a22 436MWh/a7,1% 18 020 155€/a1 658 763€/a9,2% Water 2 718 666 m 3 /a 195 431 m 3 /a 7,2% 5 817 833€/a429 636€/a7,4% Total consumptionsTotal savingsInvestments 47 068 706€/a4 924 758€/a10,5%7 354 105€

10. The profitability of the proposed saving measures in the service sector energy audits 1998-2003 (tot. 11,1 milj. €)

11. The profitability of the proposed saving measures in the industry and energy sector energy audits 1998-2003

12. Proposed energy saving measures in energy audits during the period 1992–2003 Category of measureMeasuresSavingsInvest.ROI pcs.1000 EUR a 1Heating system2841 0063 438 3,4 1.1Heat production, district heating basic rates9002 1192 5531,2 1.2Reduction of indoor temperature1 6171 4802 479 1,7 1.3Controls of the heating system1 5251 8157 001 3,9 1.4Tightness of the building envelope1712681 123 4,2 1.5Technical system insulations200284581 2,0 Total of system4 6976 97217 175 2,5 2Ventilation system4461 7816 415 3,6 2.1Running hours3 9569 8523 999 0,4 2.2Reduction of air flows6821 9112 795 1,5 2.3Separation of service areas122369980 2,7 2.4Controls of the ventilation system1 8532 3672 934 1,2 2.5Heat-recovery1 2596 48625 033 3,9 2.6Night cooling ventilation844935 0,7 Total of system8 40222 81442 192 1,8 3Domestic water, Total of system3 4703 0175 011 1,7 4Electricity, Total of system9 88513 88320 2571,5 5Cooling systems, Total of system4603 2218 466 2,6 6Construction, Total of system4849573 465 3,6 7 Compressed air system, Total of system 51226395 1,7 8Other energy saving measures1 31026 78872 747 2,7 All proposed energy saving measures28 75977 879169 7082,2

13. Different Levels of Monitoring Expenditure (e.g. subsidies for EAs) Energy Audit Volumes Saving Potentials based on proposed measures Theoretical savings of implemented measures Measured savings at site level Verified savings Level I – Just follow the money spent Level II - Know where the money is spent Level III - Understand how much could be saved Level IV - Know how much approx. will be saved Level V - Know how much is saved (measurement error) 1992 1993 1994 1995 Level VI – Confirms the savings (a legal commitment fulfilled)

14. ,,, some comments On-site “field” conditions are far from laboratory conditions  we need to be realistic, what can be measured and what not Small savings cannot be identified from the total consumption  sometimes not worth while measuring at all – just adjust the set point The end-user might not be interested to spend money on M&V  who will pay for the M&V - What is actually Bottom-up monitoring… and what not?