1. SMUCSE 8394 BTS – Devices II Sensors Detection, Surveillance, Protection

2. SMUCSE 8394 Sensor Sense Monitors border for incursions –Beyond border –At border –Inside border Triggers alarms Transmits triggers and data to control centers (CC)in real-time Tracks target after crossing Responds to CC commands Triggers flares/light

3. SMUCSE 8394 Types of Sensors Deployment classification: Combination of mobile and fixed –Satellite –Airborne –Maritime –Ground-based Technology/ application: –Seismic –Radar –Infrared –Magnetic –Sonar –Trip-flares –Fiber-optic –CCD –Laser –Fence Technologies

4. SMUCSE 8394 Selection Factors External –Threat –Environment –Legal restrictions Sensor characteristics –Resolution –Coverage –Power requirement –Communication –Sensor functionality –Price –Ease of installation and maintenance

5. SMUCSE 8394 Levels of Sensor Integration Level 0 – Baseline –Passive sensors with one way communication Level 1 –Control center can manually adjust sensors –Remote software updates –Detection threshold control Level 2 – Co-located active sensors –Electro-optical –Thermal imaging Level 3 – Full integration –Passive sensors cue cameras for images –Access to database –Automatic sensor fusion

6. SMUCSE 8394 Seismic Sensors Used to detect activities on ground/underground Stealth detection Two types –Inertial seismometers - measure ground motion relative to an inertial reference (a suspended mass), –Strainmeters or extensometers - measure the motion of one point of the ground relative to another –Inertial motion more sensitive than the differential motion –Implementation more challenging for Strainmeters

7. SMUCSE 8394 Microwave Motion Detectors Floods an area with an electro-magneitic field Any movement in the zone disturbs the field and sets off an alarm Two types –Bistatic –Monstatic – good for quick deployment Limitations – Slow motion may be undetected –External interference may cause false positives

8. SMUCSE 8394 Electrostatic Field Disturbance Sensors Generate an electrostatic field between/around an array of wire conductors Sensors detects changes/distortions Ideal for fences, walls & roofs Very sensitive Limitations –Extraneous movements will trigger

9. SMUCSE 8394 Video Motion Detection (VMD) Sensor Event detection and observation of event in progress Detection through observing changes in camera’s field of view Ideal with overt/covert cameras

10. SMUCSE 8394 Micro-Strain Fiber Optic Sensors New and advanced in-ground or fence mounted detection system utilising a multi core fiber Detect minute vibrations even from sounds, via deflections in the laser beam Long coverage Very low false alarms Quick installation (just 10 cm under ground)

11. SMUCSE 8394 Leaky Coaxial Cable Sensors Used for covert detection Two coaxial cables buried under ground to generate invisible filed –Could be in the same conduit –Usually 1 m apart Disturbance in the filed triggers alarm

12. SMUCSE 8394 Other Sensors Microphonic cable fence distaurbance sensors Stereoscopic video motion detection system Virtual fence –Combination of acoustic, seismic, and IR sensors to detect, locate, and identify human activity in a protected area –Sophisticated IDDF (Identification and Direction Finding) algorithms Underwater sensors –Sonar sensors