1. Innovation Challenges in Homeland Security Security Innovation Network Innovation Summit 2012 August 8, 2012 Tara O’Toole, M.D., M.P.H. Under Secretary for Science and Technology U.S. Department of Homeland Security

2. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003  Homeland Security missions: cover broad scope of problems and operations, complex, dynamic  Value Proposition of DHS Science and Technology Directorate (S&T)  How do we build national innovation ecosystem?  Possible directions for government, academia, and private sector 2 Key Points

3. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003 Department of Homeland Security 3

4. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003 Thinking Enemies: Evolution of Terrorist Attacks in Aviation 4 TimeEvent/ThreatVulnerabilityResponse 1970sHostage/HijackingGuns, weaponsMagnetometers 1988Pan Am 103, LockerbieBomb in baggageBaggage scans Sept. 2001WTC, PA, PentagonBox cutters, etcTSA Dec. 2001Richard ReidShoe bombShoes removed 2004Chechen suicide attacksVests Pat downs, backscatter 2006Heathrow liquids plotNovel liquid bombLiquids ban 2009Non-metallic body bomb Body bomb in sensitive area ETD, WBI, pat down 2010Printer cartridge bombs Explosives packed in cargo Trace detection for cargo

5. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003 U.S. Airline Flight Density 5 Source: Koblin

6. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003 Worldwide Land and Sea Shipping Density 6 Sources: Uchida, Nelson

7. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003 Visualization of the Internet 7 Source: OPTE Project

8. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003  Deliberate biological attacks – human or agriculture targets  Natural pandemic – influenza or emerging disease  Improvised nuclear device – scale varies  Big earthquake, hurricane  Cyberattack(s) on critical infrastructure  Complex technological accidents WMD and other Catastrophes 8

9. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003 “In complex industrial, space, and military systems, the normal accident generally (not always) means that the interactions are not only unexpected, but are incomprehensible for some critical period of time.” –Charles Perrow, Normal Accidents, 1984 Complex Systems Fail Complexly 9

10. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003 Sources: Reuters, Wikimedia Commons Deepwater Horizon 10

11. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003 Magnitude 9.0 Sources: AP, Reuters Three Near-Simultaneous Disasters 11

12. DHS S&T Mission Strengthen America’s security and resiliency by providing knowledge products and innovative technology solutions for the Homeland Security Enterprise

13. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003 S&T Value Proposition  S&T’s contributions to the Homeland Security Enterprise will come from:  Creation, of new technological capabilities and process enhancements  Cost savings due to technological innovation and analytics  Leveraging scientific and engineering expertise to achieve improvements in operational analysis, project management and acquisition management  Progressively deeper, broader understanding of homeland security technology priorities and capability gaps 13

14. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003 Goal 1: Transition to Use  Provide knowledge, technologies, and science-based solutions that are integrated into homeland security operations, employing 24-36 month innovation cycles from project inception through operational testing  Strengthen relationships with DHS components to better understand and address their high-priority requirements  Become “best-in-class” at technology foraging – find and use what’s out there; encourage and enable multidisciplinary teams  Focus on rigorous project selection and regular review of the entire R&D portfolio  Implement processes that strengthen project management, evaluation, and accountability within the Directorate Rapidly develop and deliver knowledge, analyses, and innovative solutions that advance the mission of the Department 14

15. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003 Innovation as Goal “The greatest change of all is probably that in the last 40 years purposeful innovation—both technical and social—has itself become an organized discipline that is both teachable and learnable.” “[E]very organization will have to learn to innovate—and innovation can now be organized and must be organized—as a systematic process.” “On the one hand, this means every organization has to prepare for the abandonment of everything it does. […] On the other hand, every organization must devote itself to creating the new.” –Peter Drucker, The New Society of Organizations, 1992 15

16. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003 Where Innovation Comes From “In the cases I have studied, again and again I am struck that innovation emerges when people are faced by problems— particular, well-specified problems. “It arises as solutions to these are conceived of by people steeped in many means—many functionalities—they can combine. “It is enhanced by funding that enables this, by training and experience in myriad functionalities, by the existence of special projects and labs devoted to the study of particular problems, and by local cultures that foster deep craft.” –W. Brian Arthur, The Nature of Technology, 2009 16

17. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003 R&D Investment Worldwide Source: NSF 17

18. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003  Are we losing our edge?  How do we balance R&D investments in an austere budget cycle?  What happens in five years if we don’t invest in R&D? Innovation Is Not a Given 18

19. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003 Innovation in DHS S&T “Top heavy bureaucracies remain innovation sink holes.” Steven Johnson, Where Good Ideas Come From, 2010  DHS S&T innovation advantages  Problem rich environment  Multidisciplinary teams  Leverage others’ investments  Opportunities for operational test beds, pilots, T&E  Capacity to partner with private sector, academia, other federal agencies, internationally  Convening power 19

20. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003 Collaborative Innovation  New hubs and vehicles for sustained intellectual sharing, collaboration  Common, comprehensive understanding of problems to be solved  System solutions – not just technology fixes  New partnerships between US government and other players: discussion groups, collaborations, grants, contracts  Faster transition to use in the field  Clear, repeated, public descriptions of purposes and stakes 20

21. “The single most frequent failure in the history of forecasting has been grossly underestimating the impact of technologies” –Peter Schwartz, President, Global Business Network 21

22. Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003