1. The Reproductive System1 Chapter 52 The Reproductive System You are not responsible for the more detailed descriptions of reproduction in fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds on pages 1070 – 1072. You are only responsible for the hormones we discuss in class We will draw upon a few topics from Chapter 53 about fetal development

2. The Reproductive System2 How do organisms reproduce? Sexual vs Asexual Budding Interesting “twists” to sexual reproduction… Parthenogenesis -- bees -- among vertebrates Hermaphoditism -- earthworms -- many plants Case of the lonely Komodo Dragon (XX-males)

3. The Reproductive System3 Reproductive strategies have evolved toward internal fertilization and development Why is internal fertilization better than external? Why is internal development better than external? Oviparity in male midwife toad Copyright © 2000 Michael Frede Human viviparity

4. The Reproductive System4 What are the characteristics of the Male Reproductive System? Anatomy Erection What are 1 O and 2 O sexual characteristics? 2 O characteristics Testosterone Androstenedione abuse Contraception condom vasectomy Question

5. The Reproductive System5 Endocrine hormonal regulation Pituitary hormones FSH – stimulates spermatogenesis LH – stimulates testosterone synthesis Testosterone Androstenedione abuse

6. The Reproductive System6 What are the characteristics of the Female Reproductive System? Anatomy Pathway of egg travel Pregnancy Contraception: diaphragm tubal ligation spermicides IUD Question

7. The Reproductive System7 Hormonal control the female reproductive system All mammals have periods of estrus What is the ovarian cycle? Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle & corpus luteum What is the uterine cycle? Estrogen & Progesterone Endometrium & Menstration Other forms of contraception Rhythm method Chemical contraceptives oral: (The “Pill’) Implant (“Norplant”) Injectable Question

8. The Reproductive System8 What happens after fertilization? Completion of meiosis Implantation in endometrium Ectopic pregnancy Review Question

9. The Reproductive System9 Hormonal changes upon pregnancy Roles of embryo and corpus luteum Progesterone Estrogen Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) What happens if the female reproductive cycle becomes disrupted? Amenorrhia Menopause Question

10. The Reproductive System10 Assisted pregnancy Artificial insemination Gamete Intrafallopian transfer In-vitro fertilization Gamete donation Surrogate mothering Pictures used with the permission of Dr. Clemens M. Grosskinsky, ORM, Columbus Review Question

11. The Reproductive System11 What are the functions of the amnion and placenta? Amniotic sac & fluid Maternal and fetal circulatory systems -- no connection Exchange of nutrients gasses wastes Question Chorionic villi

12. The Reproductive System12 What are the stages of fetal development? Trimesters Embryonic stage Fetal stage Sensitive periods Fetal alcohol syndrome Question 4 weeks 3 months 6 months

13. The Reproductive System13 How can Congenital Defects be tested for? Amniocentesis Chorionic villi sampling Perform karyotype

14. The Reproductive System14 Labor and Birth Fetal position -- why is ‘breach’ position bad Uterine contractions Dilation of cervix Extraction of the placenta