2. Goals Show you how to conduct observational research in order to examine various issues. Easy and cheap! –All the tools you need to collect and analyze the data you probably already have. Hands on! Fun!

3. Outline Different types of observational methods Commonly used statistics in observational research Project I: Self-Report Behavior Project II: Multiple Behavioral Observations Project III: Single Behavioral Observations Project IV: Using Internet Personals to Study Smoking and Drinking Project V: Using Internet Chat Rooms to Study Smoking, Drinking, and Romance Project VI: Naturalistic observations

4. How can we study a person’s behavior? All science begins with observation –Called data For the scientific study of behavior what kinds of observations can you make?

5. Observation Ask a person about his or her behavior Ask others about the person’s behavior Look at a persons life Look at what a person actually does

6. “S” data Ask a person about his or her behavior –“Self data”

7. Activity In groups: Create a 5-item questionnaire designed to measure a behavioral characteristic –Note: Almost every “personality trait” has a behavioral element! –e.g., extraversion

8. “S” data Face validity –It appears to measure what it is suppose to measure

9. “S” data Pros: Easy and inexpensive Best expert

10. “S” data Compare yourself to the average teacher 1= Much lower than average 2= Somewhat lower than average 3=Average 4 = Somewhat higher than average 5 = Much higher than average 1)Intelligent 2)Friendly 3)Kind 4)Giving 5)Responsible

11. “S” data Cons: May not be able to tell you –Self-serving bias May not tell you Overused

12. “I” Data Ask others about a person’s behavior –“Informant data”

13. “I” Data What about me? –Small groups What about a boyfriend / girlfriend?

14. “I” Data Pros: Large amounts of information –I data about boyfriend / girlfriend –Have seen hundreds of behaviors –Agreement between judges and self Real world –Based on observations in the real world, not just the lab

15. “I” Data Cons: Limited information –Not with a person all the time Act differently around different people –Limited due to “private life”

16. “I” Data Cons: Errors and biases –Some behaviors stick out more than others –Biases can be “good” or “bad”, but not accurate

17. “L” Data Look at a persons life –“Life data”

18. “L” Data Have you been married? Ever been to jail? Are you employed? How many siblings do you have?

19. “L” Data Pro: Real life importance –Predict drug use in children –Predict criminal behavior –Examine birth order effects

21. “L” Data Con: Multiple causes –Is personality the only cause of drug use? –Is birth order the only cause of your behavior?

22. “B” Data Look at what a person actually does –“Behavioral Data” A good way to learn about personality is to watch what a person actually does!

23. “B” Data “Riverside Behavioral Q-Sort” A measurement device created to quantify various inter and intrapersonal behaviors.

24. “B” Data Smiles frequently Initiates physical affection Is reserved and unexpressive Expresses agreement frequently Exhibits social skills Behaves in a timid manner Shows physical signs of anxiety Speaks sarcastically Exhibits an awkward interpersonal style Tries to control the interaction

25. Says negative things about self Expresses self pity Expresses guilt Keeps parents at a distance Acts irritated Seems detached from the interaction Expresses insecurity

26. Neurotic Says negative things about self Expresses self pity Expresses guilt Keeps parents at a distance Acts irritated Seems detached from the interaction Expresses insecurity

27. “B” Data Two ways to collect B data Natural –Observe people in real life contexts Beeper studies Bar studies Diary studies Video Camera The “EAR”

28. The EAR

30. “B” Data Two ways to collect B data Contrived / Lab –Observe people in artificial situations Current study

31. Same-sex interactions

32. Frustration

33. Distrust

34. “B” Data Pro: Objective and quantifiable –Direct observations mean less error and bias

35. “B” Data Cons: Unclear meaning –The “psychological” meaning of a behavior might be unclear –Why might someone smile?

36. How can we study a person’s behavior? Ask the person (S data) Ask others about the person (I data) Look at the persons life (L data) Look at what the person does (B data) “BLIS”

38. Statistics

39. Correlation

40. Positive Correlation

42. r = 1.00

43. Positive Correlation.... r =.64.

45. Negative Correlation

46. r = - 1.00

47. Negative Correlation..... r = -.85

49. Zero Correlation

50. ..... r =.00

51. Correlation Coefficient The sign of a correlation (+ or -) only tells you the direction of the relationship The value of the correlation only tells you about the size of the relationship (i.e., how close the scores are to the regression line) Correlations and cause and effect

52. Excel Example

53. Which is a bigger effect? r =.40 or r = -.40 How are they different?

54. Practice Do you think the following variables are positively, negatively or uncorrelated to each other? Alcohol consumption & Driving skills Miles of running a day & speed in a foot race Height & GPA Forearm length & foot length

55. Project I – Self-Report Behavior

57. Practice 1) Complete Questionnaire #1

58. 1) I often drink alcoholic beverages at social gatherings. 2) I often smoke cigarettes.

59. Big-Five Inventory

60. E 1, 11, 16, 26, 36 R 6, 21, 31 A 7, 17, 22, 32, 42R 2,12, 27, 37 C 3, 13, 28, 33, 38R 8, 18, 23, 43 N 4, 14, 19, 29, 39R 9, 24, 34 O 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 44R 35, 41 R 1 = 5 2 = 4 3 = 3 4 = 2 5 = 1

61. Agreeableness Trust Straightforwardness Altruism Compliance Modesty Tender-mindedness Obi-Wan Kenobi -- This loyal, kind, and honorable young Jedi is a good man. Emperor Palpatine -- An evil, power hungry tyrant, he is manipulative, evil, and ruthless.

62. Extraversion Warmth Gregariousness Assertiveness Activity Excitement seeking Positive emotions Lando Calrissian -- An energetic, sociable man. He is adventure seeking, talkative, and socially skilled. Wampas -- reclusive creatures of the ice planet Hoth. They are rarely seen & generally shy, leading a solitary existence

63. Conscientiousness Competence Order Dutifulness Achievement striving Self-discipline Deliberation Admiral Ackbar -- This rebel Admiral is renowned for his great powers of organization, responsibility, and administrative abilities. He is individual who can be relied upon. Han Solo -- This disheveled and scruffy smuggler leads a reckless and haphazard life, with little respect for rules and procedures.

64. Neuroticism Anxiety Angry hostility Depression Self-consciousness Impulsiveness Vulnerability Princess Leia -- A confident & calm individual who does not crack under pressure (e.g.,. when being threatened by Lord Vader). She is brave and relaxed, even when in great danger (e.g., when disguising herself as a bounty hunter to gain access to Jabba the Hutt’s palace). Tusken warriors -- These inhabitants of Tatooine are unpredictable, temperamental, and excitable, and known to be especially moody.

65. Openness to Experience Fantasy Aesthetics Feelings Actions Ideas Values Yoda -- This wise, philosophical, and thoughtful Jedi master challenges the establishment, encouraging his pupils to unlearn what they have learned and see the world in novel, creative ways. C-3PO -- This droid versed in political protocol of thousands of cultures is governed by rules and prefers not to meddle with the ways and traditions of his hosts.

66. The Big Five Also known as the Five-Factor Model Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness to Experience OCEAN

67. Next Collect data Enter data Analyze data =CORREL(Array1, Array2) =CORREL (A2:A9, G2:G9)

69. Looking at what a person actually does Types of Observational Research Laboratory Research Internet Research Naturalistic Research

70. Project II – Multiple Behavioral Observations

71. Perceiving Others Am I: Extraverted? Agreeable? Conscientious? Open to experience? Neurotic? A drug user?

72. Perceiving Others Why do you think that?

73. ME YOU

74. ME YOU Talkative

75. ME YOU Talkative Hand gestures

76. ME YOU Talkative Hand gestures Energetic Assertive Sociable

77. ME YOU Talkative Hand gestures Energetic Assertive Sociable

78. ME YOU Talkative Hand gestures Energetic Assertive Sociable Smiles

79. ME YOU Talkative Hand gestures Energetic Assertive Sociable Smiles Target Perceiver

80. ME Talkative Hand gestures Energetic Assertive Sociable Target

81. Questions How does an extravert behave? How does an agreeable person tend to behave? How does a person who smokes tend to behave?

82. RBQ questionnaire

83. Procedure Participants coded 64 different social behaviors on a 1 - 5 scale as to the degree they agreed the participant exhibited that behavior 1 = disagree strongly to 5 = agree strongly

85. Enter data!

86. Analyze data Excel

88. How many behaviors do you need to code? These previous examples coded many behaviors Pro: –Very rich data –Good if your not 100% sure what to expect Con –Takes a long time –Can sometimes produce confusing results Sometimes – if you have a specific question –you might only need to code a single behavior

89. Project III – Single behavioral observations Relating questionnaires to single behavioral observations in the lab.

90. Questionnaire

91. Data Sheet SubjectSM ScoreActing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

92. Say “I am going out now, I won’t be back all day. If anyone comes by, just tell them I’m not here” Happy Sad Mad How good of an actor is this person? –Rate 1-10 (1= bad actor; 10= great actor)

93. Self-Monitoring How much do you “monitor” your social setting and alter your behaviors accordingly High SM –Monitor every situation –Look for cues how to act, alter behavior Low SM –Consistent behavior regardless of situation

94. Self-Monitoring Related to smoking in youths Specifically, youths who think it is normal to smoke and are high SM are 3.5 times more likely to smoke!

95. Self-Monitoring Other findings (just for fun): Video tapped group discussion High SM interview better for jobs High SM more likely to lie to go on dates High SM pleasure self more often Current question: Are high self-monitors better actors?

96. Excel

97. Observational Research on the Internet Pros: Cheap Easy Huge samples New and interesting “world” People are more free to express themselves Cons: Not necessarily the “real world” Easy to deceive

98. Internet Use In the United States, over 100 million people have access to the Internet Frequent uses of the Internet: –Conduct business –Keep in touch with friends –Seek emotional support –Search for romantic partners Ways to communicate via the Internet: –Email –Web pages –Blogs –Chat rooms

100. “Cyberspace Culture” (Markey, Wells, & Markey, 2001; 2003) Affords the opportunity to be completely anonymous Physical appearances and non-verbal cues are virtually non-existent

101. “Cyberspace Culture” (Markey, Wells, & Markey, 2001; 2003) Humans are still responsible for sending and producing the text that others read Traditional methods and models of personality and social psychology should continue to find support in this medium (Markey, 2000, Markey et al., 2001; 2003)

103. Internet Love All 28-year-old Trevor Tasker wanted to do was fly to South Carolina, meet up with his Internet love and get married. Instead, he finds himself still single. It turns out the 30-something woman he met and wooed over the Internet is really… Associated Press (2000)

104. a 65-year-old woman jailed earlier this month after authorities found the body of her former roommate in a freezer at her home. Associated Press (2000) Internet Love

105. “I will never go on the Internet again. You just can’t tell who you are talking to on that thing.” –Trevor Tasker Associated Press (2000)

106. Is it possible to judge personality on the Internet? Internet Love

107. Participants One-on-One Condition –84 participants –71% female 29% male Group Condition –72 participants –72% female 28% male Markey & Wells, 2002

108. The Five-Factor Model of Personality Extraversion – sociability, excitement-seeking, assertiveness Agreeableness – altruism, friendliness, kindness Conscientiousness – organization, responsibility, planfulness Neuroticism – anxiety, hostility, depression Openness – aesthetic sense, curiosity, intellect

109. One-on-One Condition Participants were run in groups of six Three participants in Room A Three participants in Room B

110. One-on-One Condition Each participant in Room A interacted with each participant in Room B Each dyadic interaction lasted 15 minutes Participants were allowed to discuss anything

111. hey whats up Hi do your finger tips hurt yet? :) no im just really tire what about you Not much going on here. I feel like a caged animal here behind that curtain do you chat on line a lot No, this is my first time. I’m really slow with typing so forgive me. its okay but this is basically what it is like to chat online Is it? except you have a lot of guys ask you to have cyber sex with them

112. Group Condition Participants were run in groups of six Three participants in room A Three participants in room B All six participants interacted in a single chat room for 15 minutes

113. Self-Judge Agreement * p <.05

121. Web pages Can a “home page” tell us something about the author’s personality?

122. Method 89 Web pages were collected. 11 Judges guessed the personality of the person who made the web page using the Five-Factor Model –Extraversion –Agreeableness –Conscientiousness –Neuroticism –Openness to Experience

123. Method People who made the web pages were emailed and asked to provide a measure of their own personality –Extraversion –Agreeableness –Conscientiousness –Neuroticism –Openness to Experience

124. Results Extraversion.26 Agreeableness.31 Conscientiousness.35 Neuroticism.21 Openness to Experience.42

126. Internet Personal Ads I am very energetic, have a great sense of humor, honest, thoughtful, romantic and love to cook. I am looking for someone who is romantic, outgoing, has a great sense of humor and of course likes kids and animals. If you are out there maybe we can get together and talk.

127. Internet Personal Ads I'm a very honest and true person who is down to earth. I'm sensitive with a big heart yet strong minded with lots of ambition. I have a lot of love inside to give to the right person.I'm a one man women who is very faithful and committed.

128. Internet Personal Ads Because I am a professional individual, I don`t believe in dating at the office to avoid "politics and rumors." Just got back into the dating loop, (just broke- up) But, Just got a new convertible! Want2go4 a ride?

129. Internet Personal Ads.. I enjoy dining out occasionally, "in" is where I prefer, hands down. When you have a pool table, air hockey, swimming pool, jacuzzi, and a karaoke "system" (not machine) at your disposal, you tend to be content staying home for the most part. I work hard for what I have....

130. Results Top 3 qualities men and women look for Intelligence Kindness Love

131. Results Women tend to seek: (Provider characteristics) Tall and strong –80% say they want a male over 6 feet Good earning potential Older males

132. Results Men tend to seek (Child bearing characteristics): Younger women Attractive –Full lips, clear and smooth skin, clear eyes, lustrous hair, and good muscle tone

134. What are some basic characteristics of smokers? Age? Gender? Income? Attractiveness?

135. What are some basic characteristics of drinkers? Age? Gender? Income? Attractiveness?

136. Project IV – Observational research using Internet personal ads

138. YAHOO! Click “Personals” Click “Signup” Enter information –1) Be a Female seeking a male Remember your password and name – we will be using it again! You are ready! Enter age range “18 to 99” Create and complete a data sheet –Collect 10 “male” ads Do not record “I don’t want to say” smoking/drinking ads

140. IncomeAttractiveSmokeDrinkGender Less than 24,000 = 1Rate 1 - 10No = 1 Male = 0 25,000 - 34,999 = 2Socially = 2 Female = 1 35,000 - 49.999 = 3Daily = 3 50,000-74,999 = 4 75,000-99,999 = 5 100,000 - 149,99 = 6 More than 150,000 = 7 Codes

141. YAHOO! Click “Personals” Click “Signup” Enter information –1) Be a male seeking a female Remember your password and name – we will be using it again! You are ready! Enter age range “18 to 99” Create and complete a data sheet –Collect 10 “female” ads Do not record “I don’t want to say” smoking/drinking ads

142. Analyze Data Correlate smoking with age, income, attractiveness **Correlate smoking and gender Correlate alcohol with age, income, attractiveness **Correlate alcohol and gender

144. Internet Advertisements Webpage

145. Internet Advertisements Webpage

146. Internet Advertisements Email “Want to go to Hawaii for little money? To start your tropical vacation click here to find out more information.”

147. The “Foot-in-the-Door” Technique A technique which increases compliance with a large request by first getting compliance with a smaller, related request Example: –People are first asked to wear a tiny button supporting a worthy cause –Later they are asked to put a billboard on their lawn

148. Foot-in- the-Door FIRST STEPSECOND STEPTACTIC

149. Gain Target’s Compliance With a Small Request Foot-in- the-Door FIRST STEP SECOND STEPTACTIC example: “Would you sign a petition to help feed starving ex- CEOs?”

150. Gain Target’s Compliance With a Small Request Foot-in- the-Door FIRST STEP SECOND STEP TACTIC Would you sign a petition to help feed starving ex- CEOs? Make A Related, Larger Request “Would you work for 2 weeks in the CEO soup kitchen?”

151. The Foot-in-the-Door Technique

152. Does the “foot in the door” work online? 200 people were observed in Internet Chat rooms 100 people (intrusive only) –Randomly selected –Asked “Hi, my name is Chris. I don’t think my email is working. Can you send me an email to chrissmith@hotmail.com?” 100 people (initial, then intrusive) –Randomly selected –Asked “Hi, my name is Chris. Can you tell me how to check someone’s profile?” –Next, asked “I don’t think my email is working. Can you send me an email to chrissmith@hotmail.com?”

153. The Foot-in-the-Door Technique

156. My God, there’s something I haven’t mentioned, but it’s a very important part of the equation. The people I’m mourning the loss of, I’ve ejected from my life. Kitty had to endure my going to jail twice and being embarrassed in front of her parents. Amanda I murdered because her mother stood between us.... Okay, Larry, what do you mean, you murdered your daughter? Is this emotional hyperbole or cold fact? And are you getting professional help? Worriedly, Elisa OK, it seems to me that there’s a great deal of risk to this; my email can be traced, I’ve been wide open about my identity. But somehow I’ve unintentionally left the impression that I’m flailing myself for some sort of weird self- gratification. Maybe I do that to some extent. But when I talk about killing my daughter, there’s no imaginative subcomponent. I suffered for years trying to get custody of her after her mother divorced me. When I did, I still had to deal with her mother’s constant attempts to take her back. I had the upper hand; in fact, her mother gave up her summer custody just before I killed Amanda......I let her watch the videos she loved all evening, and when she was asleep I got wickedly drunk, set our house on fire, went to bed, listened to her scream twice, climbed out the window and set about putting on a show of shock, surprise and grief to remove culpability from myself. Dammit, part of that show was climbing in her window and grabbing her pajamas, then hearing her breathe and dropping her where she was so she could die and rid me of her mother’s interferences. Whew Larry — I for one have been thinking about your post just after you wrote it and I happened to be on line. I guess I feel that I should say something — even though I am not one that has been corresponding much with you recently but because I am a pediatrician and a mother. I must admit to being a little confused in that I’m not sure, other than numbing the situation, what role that alcohol played in this. What you described does not sound rational — even in drunkeness and I suspect, from what you said, you don’t understand it a well either. — obviously, you should have been prosecuted and managed not to be — I would assume your ex-wife does not know this which makes your sharing with this group very very weighty I think. Larry, Several folks have sent me private emails expressing genuine concern over some of the stuff that you’ve posted very recently. They are concerned, that you might be contemplating suicide or other drastic, harmful and ultimately counterproductive actions aimed at dealing with what seems to have become for you an awful situation. I’m writing for all of the folks who wrote me offlist, and I believe for all of the folks on this list, to urge you to seriously think about contacting a therapist and working things through with yourself in a safe manner. Take care of yourself, my friend. And let us all know how things are going. The people here really care about you.

157. Only three of the 200 members reported the confession to authorities! Why? Moral confusion? Cyberspace culture? Case of Kitty Genovese Will the “bystander effect” occur online?

158. Method 4,833 participants were observed in 400 different chat rooms Entered a chat room (recorded the # of people) Asked for help with a simple problem Recorded how long it took for someone to respond

159. Results Correlation =.30 Thus, the more people in a chat room the longer it took to receive help

160. Project V – Observations in Internet Chat Rooms

161. Yahoo! Chat

162. Question What are the demographics of people who use Internet Chat rooms to seek romantic partners or complain about love? Do they tend to be males of females? What is the average age? What are the demographics of people who use Internet Chat rooms to seek help for smoking and drinking? Do they tend to be males or females? What is the average age?

163. YAHOO! Click “Chat” Click “Sign up for YAHOO chat” or enter old ID Enter information You are ready! Click “Enter Chat Room” After it is done loading click “Continue” Click “Change Room”

164. YAHOO! Create a coding sheet for “Romance” Select the room you want to enter Romance - “Flirting” Romance - “Love Stinks” Record the age and gender of people in that room (don’t talk to them!) by moving “pointer” over persons name on the right side of the screen –Only record people who report both gender and age

167. Analyze Data Examine Mean age of people using Chat Rooms to seek/complain about “love” Gender of people who use Chat Rooms to seek/complain about “love”

168. YAHOO! Create a coding sheet for “Smoking/Drugs” Select the room you want to enter (Under “Health and wellness” Health and Wellness – “Friends of Bill W.” Health and Wellness – “Stop smoking” Record the age and gender of people in that room (don’t talk to them!) by moving “pointer” over persons name on the right side of the screen –Only record people who report both gender and age

170. Analyze Data Examine Mean age of people using Chat Rooms for help smoking/drinking Gender of people who use Chat Rooms for help smoking/drinking

173. Naturalistic Observations Pros Get to observe person in the natural world Very “real” Cons No control

176. Question Can the appearance of someone’s room tell us anything about their personality? How about their drug use?

177. Method 83 Bedrooms were examined Occupants of the bedrooms completed a measure of the Big Five 7 Judges rated the bedrooms

178. What does your room look like? 1)____ Strong (vs. weak)odor 2)____ Noisy (vs. quiet) 3)____ Well lit (vs. dark) 4)____ Drafty (vs. stuffy) 5)____ Hot (vs. cold) 6)____ Good (vs. poor)condition 7)____ Decorated (vs. undecorated) 8)____ Cheerful (vs. gloomy) 9)____ Colorful (vs. drab) 10)____ Clean (vs.dirty) 11)____ Organized (vs.disorganized) 12)____ Neat (vs. messy) 13)____ Cluttered (vs. uncluttered) 14)____ Full (vs.empty) 15)____ Roomy (vs.cramped) 16)____ Expensive (vs. cheap) 17)____ Comfortable (vs. uncomfortable) 18)____ Inviting (vs. repelling) 19)____ Large (vs. small) 20)____ Distinctive (vs. ordinary) 21)____ Stylish (vs. unstylish) 22)____ Modern (vs. old fashioned) 23)____ New (vs. old) 24)____ Multiple (vs. single)purpose 25)____ Public (vs. private) 26)____ Formal (vs. informal) 27)____ Conventional (vs. unconventional) 28)____ High (vs. low) traffic area 29)____ Good (vs. poor) use of space 30)____ Matched (vs. mismatched)contents 31)____ Many (vs. few)books 32)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)books 33)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)books 34)____ Many (vs. few)magazines 35)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)magazines 36)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)magazines 37)____ Many (vs. few) CDs 38)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)CDs 39)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)CDs 40)____ Many (vs. few) items of stationery 41)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)stationery

179. Extraversion 1)____ Strong (vs. weak)odor 2)__+__ Noisy (vs. quiet) 3)____ Well lit (vs. dark) 4)____ Drafty (vs. stuffy) 5)____ Hot (vs. cold) 6)____ Good (vs. poor)condition 7)__+_ Decorated (vs. undecorated) 8)____ Cheerful (vs. gloomy) 9)____ Colorful (vs. drab) 10)____ Clean (vs.dirty) 11)____ Organized (vs.disorganized) 12)____ Neat (vs. messy) 13)__+_ Cluttered (vs. uncluttered) 14)____ Full (vs.empty) 15)____ Roomy (vs.cramped) 16)____ Expensive (vs. cheap) 17)____ Comfortable (vs. uncomfortable) 18)____ Inviting (vs. repelling) 19)____ Large (vs. small) 20)____ Distinctive (vs. ordinary) 21)____ Stylish (vs. unstylish) 22)____ Modern (vs. old fashioned) 23)____ New (vs. old) 24)____ Multiple (vs. single)purpose 25)____ Public (vs. private) 26)____ Formal (vs. informal) 27)____ Conventional (vs. unconventional) 28)____ High (vs. low) traffic area 29)____ Good (vs. poor) use of space 30)____ Matched (vs. mismatched)contents 31)____ Many (vs. few)books 32)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)books 33)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)books 34)____ Many (vs. few)magazines 35)__+_ Organized (vs. disorganized)magazines 36)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)magazines 37)____ Many (vs. few) CDs 38)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)CDs 39)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)CDs 40)____ Many (vs. few) items of stationery 41)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)stationery

180. Conscientiousness 1)____ Strong (vs. weak)odor 2)____ Noisy (vs. quiet) 3)____ Well lit (vs. dark) 4)____ Drafty (vs. stuffy) 5)____ Hot (vs. cold) 6)__+_ Good (vs. poor)condition 7)____ Decorated (vs. undecorated) 8)__+_ Cheerful (vs. gloomy) 9)__+_ Colorful (vs. drab) 10)__+_ Clean (vs.dirty) 11)__+_ Organized (vs.disorganized) 12)__+_ Neat (vs. messy) 13)__-_ Cluttered (vs. uncluttered) 14)__-_ Full (vs.empty) 15)__+_ Roomy (vs.cramped) 16)__+_ Expensive (vs. cheap) 17)__+_ Comfortable (vs. uncomfortable) 18)__+_ Inviting (vs. repelling) 19)____ Large (vs. small) 20)____ Distinctive (vs. ordinary) 21)__+_ Stylish (vs. unstylish) 22)__+_ Modern (vs. old fashioned) 23)__+_ New (vs. old) 24)____ Multiple (vs. single)purpose 25)____ Public (vs. private) 26)____ Formal (vs. informal) 27)____ Conventional (vs. unconventional) 28)____ High (vs. low) traffic area 29)____ Good (vs. poor) use of space 30)____ Matched (vs. mismatched)contents 31)____ Many (vs. few)books 32)__+_ Organized (vs. disorganized)books 33)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)books 34)____ Many (vs. few)magazines 35)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)magazines 36)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)magazines 37)____ Many (vs. few) CDs 38)__+_ Organized (vs. disorganized)CDs 39)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)CDs 40)__-_ Many (vs. few) items of stationery 41)__+_ Organized (vs. disorganized)stationery

181. Openness 1)____ Strong (vs. weak)odor 2)____ Noisy (vs. quiet) 3)____ Well lit (vs. dark) 4)____ Drafty (vs. stuffy) 5)____ Hot (vs. cold) 6)____ Good (vs. poor)condition 7)__+_ Decorated (vs. undecorated) 8)____ Cheerful (vs. gloomy) 9)____ Colorful (vs. drab) 10)____ Clean (vs.dirty) 11)____ Organized (vs.disorganized) 12)____ Neat (vs. messy) 13)__+_ Cluttered (vs. uncluttered) 14)__+_ Full (vs.empty) 15)____ Roomy (vs.cramped) 16)____ Expensive (vs. cheap) 17)____ Comfortable (vs. uncomfortable) 18)____ Inviting (vs. repelling) 19)____ Large (vs. small) 20)__+_ Distinctive (vs. ordinary) 21)____ Stylish (vs. unstylish) 22)____ Modern (vs. old fashioned) 23)____ New (vs. old) 24)__+_ Multiple (vs. single)purpose 25)____ Public (vs. private) 26)____ Formal (vs. informal) 27)____ Conventional (vs. unconventional) 28)____ High (vs. low) traffic area 29)____ Good (vs. poor) use of space 30)____ Matched (vs. mismatched)contents 31)_+__ Many (vs. few)books 32)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)books 33)_+__ Varied (vs. homogenous)books 34)____ Many (vs. few)magazines 35)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)magazines 36)__+_ Varied (vs. homogenous)magazines 37)__+_ Many (vs. few) CDs 38)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)CDs 39)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)CDs 40)____ Many (vs. few) items of stationery 41)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)stationery

183. Project VI: Naturalistic Observation Can be very easy!

184. Starbucks!

185. Are men or women more likely to order specialty drinks? Are men or women more likely to stay after ordering their coffee? Are faculty or students more likely to order specialty drinks? Are faculty or students more likely to stay after ordering their coffee?

186. Method Four groups Each group will go to Starbucks for 15 minutes. Must NOT interact with the subjects –Only observe –Sit at a side table – and pretend you are doing something other than making observations

187. GenderFaculty or Student Specialty Drink or Regular Stay or to go

188. Codes Gender –Male = 0 –Female = 1 Faculty vs. Student –Faculty = 0 –Student = 1 Specially Drink vs. Regular Coffee –Specialty = 0 –Regular = 1 Stay vs. Go –Stay = 0 –Go = 1

189. Starbucks!

190. Enter and Analyze Data in Excel

192. Your Toolbox of Behavioral Research Project I: Self-Report Behavior –Link self-reports of behavior to self-reports of behavior –e.g., do self-reported extraverts report smoking more than introverts? Project II: Single Behavioral Observations –Link self-reports of behavior to a single behavioral observation –e.g., do self-reported extraverts smile more than introverts? Project III: Multiple Behavioral Observations –Link self-reports of behavior to multiple behavioral observations –e.g., what types of behaviors does a person who drinks typically express? Project IV: Using Internet Personals to Study Smoking and Drinking –Link content provided on personals to other content obtained from personals –e.g., do blondes report drinking more than brunettes? Project V: Using Internet Chat Rooms to Study Smoking, Drinking, and Romance –Link behavioral observations on chat rooms to other observations in chat rooms –e.g., do “males” type more words than “females”? Project VI: Naturalistic observations –Link behaviors observations in the “real world” to other observations in the “real world” –e.g., do people with coffee cups walk faster than people without coffee cups?

193. Observational Research Steps 1) Come up with an idea! What do you want to do? What is your hypothesis? 2) Figure out which “Behavioral Research Tool” is best for examining this idea Which of the 6 methods will you be using? 3) Figure out how to code your observations Will you use a questionnaire? Will you code behaviors? What will your coding scheme look like? Make a coding sheet / data sheet. FIGURE OUT HOW YOU WILL EXAMINE YOUR DATA FIRST! 4) Collect your data Just do it! 5) Analyze your data Using EXCEL examine your data -- What do the data tell you? 6) Write up the results