1. Healthy Communities Steve Johnson, Ph.D Urban Studies and Planning Winter, 2009

2. Healthy Communities January 7 Housekeeping Overview Reading Material Neighborhood Health Assessment Projects

3. Built (Urban) Environment Land Use Patterns Urban Design Transportation Activities Patterns Public Health Food Nature

4. Health of Cities 19 th Century: Miasma, mixed uses But also exercise was a part of life The Automobile changed everything Focus of Frank book is how can cities be designed to incorporate exercise that is recreational and has purpose

5. Place Matters We are urbanizing. In 25 years 2/3 of us will live in cities (worldwide) Many of us live in placeless world Place is physical, cultural, social and mental All places have some risk and hazards Physical, social, and psychological Place does matter, more for some than others

6. Ecologies of Disadvantage Being in the wrong place may be a function of social structure While placeless, some of us live in Medieval-like gated or walled communities Birmingham case

7. Disturbing Trends Mortality rate for urban children increased by 50% between 1980 and 1988. Residents in 100 largest cities, twice as often victims of crime and murder rates also twice as high Infant mortality rate 25% higher in 100 largest cities Of 880 most disadvantaged neighborhoods, 99% in cities 40% of urban children below poverty level 30% to 50% of city children inadequately immunized

8. New forms of Segregation and Isolation Inner city neighborhoods that are more isolated and less capable of “taking care of themselves.” Bridging and bonding social capital

9. Segregation and Health Risks Segregation ensures that neighborhoods with limited resources for protection against risk will be particularly vulnerable since their isolation restricts their access to the range of resources available in the larger community.

10. SOCIAL CAPITAL

11. James Coleman Goal: to re-establish sociology's worth in an age dominated by economics To place value on social relations, social networks and community building

12. Examples New York Diamond business Safe parks and Jane Jacob’s public characters

13. Coleman’s definition According to Coleman, social capital is not human capital, anymore than it is economic capital. "It is present," he said, "and yet not tangible, in all social interactions." Social capital, according to Coleman, "comes about through changes in the relations among persons that facilitate action. If physical capital is wholly tangible, being embodied in observable material form, and human capital is less tangible, being embodied in the skills and knowledge acquired by an individual, social capital is less tangible yet, for it exists in the relations among persons."

14. Bourdieu’s Class definition Bourdieu defined social capital as "the sum of the resources, actual or virtual, that accrue to an individual or group by virtue of possessing a durable network of more or less institutionalized relations of mutual acquaintance and recognition."

15. Bridging and Bonding Social Capital Difference between bridging (or inclusive) and bonding (or exclusive) social capital Bonding capital constitutes a kind of sociological super-glue, whereas bridging social capital provides a sociological WD-40

16. Remember: In hard times the most valuable asset you have is your social network\-- bridging and bonding

17. January 12, 2009

18. Built (Urban) Environment Land Use Patterns Urban Design Transportation Activities Patterns Public Health Food Nature

19. Review of Concepts Urban form changes community health concerns (19 th century vs. now) Ecologies of disadvantage (Walls—Children of men video) Urban form and policies impact on social capital

20. Neighborhood Projects Group lists Go over handouts Methodologies

21. Methods Observations Interviews Secondary Data Census and other data Periodicals/newspapers Reports

22. Using Demographic Data Use only data that is central to your profile and health assessment In most cases use percents not total numbers Use comparisons, to city, metro region, other cities, national If data is “old” how important is that? Combine categories for emphasis Use appropriate charts and graphs

23. Healthy Communities January 14 Readings: Reformation movements Knowing Home Zoning and land use 101 Food systems (video)

24. Stages of Urban Reformation Health Reformers, 19th century Housing Reform, progressive era Garden Cities/City Beautiful Health, Safety, Welfare--Zoning Innovation Post World War II—GI loans, redlining, Highways, suburbs Cities Burning (1960s) Housing and Community Development Movement Urban Villages/New urbanism (1990s--)

25. Knowing the Place we Live bioregionalism refers both to geographical terrain and a terrain of consciousness--to a place and ideas that have developed about how to live in that place. living in place means following necessities and pleasures of life as they are uniquely presented by a particular site, and evolving ways to ensure long-term occupancy of that site. Outback, Salmon and Columbia stories

26. Food Systems Introduction Diggable Cities

27. January 21, 2009

28. Planners aren’t always Loved

29. Zoning 101 Underlying premise and government legal right: safety and policing First zoning was to protect rich people

30. Frank Focus of Frank book is how can cities be designed to incorporate exercise that is recreational and has purpose

31. Urban Form--19th Century Crowded Dirty Polluted Smelly Noisy Dangerous

32. Urban Form Today Decentralized Dispersed Separated land uses Auto-centric transportation networks

33. Focus of the Reformations Health Reformers, 19th century Housing Reform, progressive era Garden Cities/City Beautiful Health, Safety, Welfare--Zoning Innovation Post World War II Cities Burning (1960s) Housing and Community Development Movement Urban Villages/New urbanism (1990s--)

34. Frank: Chapter three Some of the most prevalent forms of disease today can be prevented or at least lessened through moderate physical activity Surgeon general 1996--moderate activities like walking and biking can have significant health outcomes But only 1 in 3 adults (USA) engages in regular, sustained exercise to meet the public health recommendations Structured physical regimes may have better effect on health, but are also more difficult for people to maintain Small interventions can help--stairs instead of elevators, safe biking to school, etc. People more likely to continue long term with moderate interventions, esp. ones that also have practical outcomes

35. Frank, chapter Four: Physical Activity Older parts of cities often better but safety may be factor Utilitarian exercise may be best Auto domination: 84% of all trips; in Italy its only 25% Non-motorists tend to be younger, less educated and poorer and more likely to be employed or live in urbanized areas Surveys show there is a gap between how people travel in USA (car) and what they would like to do

36. Chapter Five: Children nearly 40% of all high school seniors do met health guidelines for physical activity, down from 9th graders (72%) children today don't walk to school, 10% down from almost half 30 years ago While playgrounds are important, children do like to play in the neighborhood, and on streets in typical suburban areas the street may be better to play in (cul-de-sacs) but the linkages to other play areas and schools and other destinations not

37. Barriers to School

38. Chapter Five: Elderly walking important exercise for elderly and can be important social one as well Elder use cars because of safety concerns and in suburban areas not practical for utilitarian trips in some other countries the elder do make more use of walking (next slide)

39. Modal Split USA and Others

40. Chapter Five: Poor Have less leisure time Less discretionary income Fewer parks and recreation Rely more on walking/bus but can’t reach all services Safety concerns in some areas

41. Fitzpatrick

42. Place Matters We are urbanizing. In 25 years 2/3 of us will live in cities (worldwide) Many of us live in placeless world Place is physical, cultural, social and mental All places have some risk and hazards Physical, social, and psychological Place does matter, more for some than others

43. Ecologies of Disadvantage Being in the wrong place may be a function of social structure While placeless, some of us live in Medieval-like gated or walled communities Birmingham case

44. Disturbing Trends Mortality rate for urban children increased by 50% between 1980 and 1988. Residents in 100 largest cities, twice as often victims of crime and murder rates also twice as high Infant mortality rate 25% higher in 100 largest cities Of 880 most disadvantaged neighborhoods, 99% in cities 40% of urban children below poverty level 30% to 50% of city children inadequately immunized

45. Understanding spatial needs of humans and Health People need private space Crowding is not just a physical phenomenon, different than density insecure residential environments impede the fulfillment of essential human needs such as affiliation, esteem, actualization, and cognitive development (Maslow) People with substantial social networks have better physical health

46. Segregation and Health Risks Segregation ensures that neighborhoods with limited resources for protection against risk will be particularly vulnerable since their isolation restricts their access to the range of resources available in the larger community. Bridging and bonding social capital

47. Ecology of Everyday Life Farm houses promoted shared space, lack of privacy Modern homes: the opposite Adults in USA spend less than 1 hour day outside Segregated communities are created that have limited capacity to bridge to other communities and political power, while being able to take care of each other

48. Sorting: advantage and disadvantages Suburban areas are spread out so social interactions and ties are spread out. People have limited liability sense about their community. In low income neighborhoods when this happens they are more disadvantaged because their choice has been limited and may have fewer instrumental social ties

49. Chapter Four: Sociology of Health Key is to understand there are personal and small group interactions that influence types of interventions to improve health

50. Wednesday, January 28 Housekeeping Class activity Diggable Cities video

51. Journals Summaries—objective, no opinions, fair and succinct summary of content, demonstrates student read and comprehended Reflections—demonstrates student is involvement in the reading material/class, relates reading to other reading, the “real” world, ability to synthesize

52. Introduction to Class Activity

53. Barriers to School

54. Analysis type of activities Type of activities chart

55. Interventions Interventions chart

56. Class activity How feasible is insertion of moderate exercise in daily routine? What are the impediments? (list all. Star five most important) Personal Social Physical Form Public Policy Come up with single best thing we could do to improve the situation

57. February 2, 2009

58. Changes in Public Health Issues Causes of death

59. What to look for in Wed. Readings Fitzpatrick: anthropologist perspective on urban form Community lost, save or liberated Special population needs

60. Automobile Society Autos account (in USA) for 86% of all person trips; walking only 5% Nonmotorists tend to be younger, less educated, poorer and live in urbanized areas But not so much in other countries Reasons: gas price, urban form, safety, public incentives Chart illustrating differences

61. New Urbanism Video?

62. Special Audiences: children, elderly, poor

63. Fitzpatrick: Space and Place (chapter 2) Space is the physical area we live in While place is physical, cultural and mental and the “perception of one’s place in the world.”

64. Spatial needs of humans Food Water Shelter Privacy/personal space Access to social interaction Safe and defensible space

65. Discussion of Spatial needs Crowding is not just a matter of number of people (Pearl District is dense but is it crowded?) High density inside homes is not the same as in a neighborhood

66. Household Crowding Children may play outside more Hierarchy sometimes becomes the rule in crowded households

67. Stages of Urban Reformation Health Reformers, 19th century Housing Reform, progressive era Garden Cities/City Beautiful Health, Safety, Welfare--Zoning Innovation Post World War II—GI loans, redlining, Highways, suburbs Cities Burning (1960s) Housing and Community Development Movement Urban Villages/New urbanism (1990s--)

68. Importance of Social Networks People with good social networks have better health Urban design effects social interactions (front porches for example) Other elements (e.g., creating indefensible space) of neighborhood can impact other social and individual developments Insecure environments impede some basic human development traits like: affiliation, esteem, cognitive development

69. In a nutshell If people can not develop sense of place, home, and territory, it effects their psychological and social development, and livability of communities

70. Fitzpatrick: #3, Ecology of everyday urban life What is the impact of urban life today on health?

71. What is urban life today? More separation between private and public life More separation also in private homes Growth of individualism at expense of intergroup tolerance and public civility Americans spend less than 1 hour outdoor everyday

72. Social networks: lost? Save? Liberated? Communities lost, saved or liberated Lost--(Tonnies) Saved--Enclaves Liberated--Placeless networks and social support networks Study of non-placed oriented communities (internet) Social support networks

73. EXTRA SLIDES

74. Social Organization Needed (Wilson) Prevalence, strength and interlocking nature of social networks Degree to which neighbors take personal responsibility for neigh. Problems Extent of surveillance done by neighbors Participation in voluntary organizations tied to neighborhood and broader community

75. Nature in the City

81. Farm and Forest Protection

82. Gap Analysis The scale of gap analysis is intended for large regions or states. Gap does not meet the criteria for Goal 5. Inventoried resources are not mapped adequately in Gap (riparian areas, fish habitat, wetlands).

83. DIFFERENT SCALES = DIFFERENT ANSWERS Same 57 species Same 57 species Same Coarse Filter Same Coarse Filter Different MMU Different MMU Gap Analysis Metro Gap Low Richness Hi Richness Pond Turtle

84. Birds

85. Mammals

86. Reptiles & Amphibians

87. Cedar Mills Creek Watershe d, 1984

88. Cedar Mills Creek Watershe d, 1990

89. Cedar Mills Creek Watershe d, 1994

90. Cedar Mills Creek Watershe d, 2002

91. Disappearing streams

92. Degraded water quality

95. Courtesy 40-Mile Loop

100. Regional Parks and Greenspaces

101. Proposed target areas

102. Garden Cities Howard’s diagrams These model cities set the groundwork for today’s suburban ideals the notion that a healthy community is decentralized, decongested and disconnected And innovations like cul-de-sacs

103. Zoning Today’s dominate urban form results from implementation of zoning based on theories: health--low density is healthier Economic segregation--including separation of apartments from houses, as a way of saving the early suburban developments.