2. The Paper (Exam) Consists of five (5) topics, each with six questions. You have to answer two questions from two different topics. Timing You will have 90 minutes. Roughly 45 minutes per question TAKE 5 MINUTES TO PLAN OUT YOUR ESSAY OR ELSE…

3. Each topic will have six (6) total questions. The questions will have the following format 3 of the 6 will be “named questions” which specify a specific leader, state, war, & etc. Example: Analyze the methods used by either Castro or Mao to maintain his position as the ruler of a single-party state. 2 of the 6 will be “open-ended” or general questions. Example: Examine how and why one leader of a single-party state was able to make a successful bid for power. 1 of the 6 will ask about “social, economic, or gender issues.” Example: Discuss the role and status of women in two single- party states, each chosen from a different region

4. Some questions will demand responses from different regions. Please note that the USSR is part of Europe Hint: WWII is counts for two regions: Asia & Europe Hint: WWII is counts for two regions: Asia & Europe

5. What themes should you focus on? Different types of warfare Characteristics of different types of wars: total, limited, civil, guerrilla Origins and causes of wars Long-term, short-term, and triggering events of conflicts. Also, the role of economics, ideology, political, and religious in conflicts The nature of 20 th -century wars The characteristics of the actual fighting. Analysis of tactics and weaponry used on land, sea, and in the air. The effect of technology on the development and effectiveness of tactics. In addition, you should examine the economic and social impact of the conflict The effects and results of wars Results of the wars (Political, economic, social) as well as the ability to form lasting peace treaties

6. What themes should you focus on? Origins and nature of authoritarian and SPS Examine the rise to power. What kinds of circumstances made it possible (long-term & short term)? What methods did they use to take power? Establishment of Authoritarian and SPS Once the leader has taken power, how do they deal with opposition groups? How is power maintained? Domestic Policies and Impact How was the state actually structured? What kinds of policies were carried out? How were social and economic policies carried out? Attitudes toward women, religion, education, and culture are important areas of focus.

7. Left Wing Socialism, Communism Lenin, Mao Fascism, Nazi-ism Franco, Hitler Right Wing

8. Total Wars: WWI, WWII Civil Wars: Spanish Civil War, Russian Civil War, Chinese Civil War Guerilla War Chinese Civil War You can always interpret wars to be a combination of types

9. Causes, Practices, and Effects of War

10. Compare and contrast the causes of two wars (excluding the First World War), each chosen from a different region. Analyze the results of two wars, each chosen from a different region How far is it true to say that economic resources, rather than a belief in a cause, win wars? “Wars create more problems than they solve.” Discuss this claim with reference to the causes and results of two wars (each chosen from a different region) during the 20 th century.

11. WWI and WWII are the best examples of total wars. WWII can count for two regions. What do you understand by “total war”? Select one 20 th - century war to illustrate your understanding. Evaluate the contribution made towards the war effort by civilians on both the home front and the battlefields in two wars, each chosen from a different region. Examine the effects of a war and the fear of war on the civilian population of two countries, each chosen from a different region. Analyze the use and effects of propaganda in two wars, each chosen from a different region.

12. Analyze the causes of two 20 th century civil wars, each chosen from a different region. Why did foreign intervention occur so frequently in civil wars of the 20 th century and what impact did this intervention have on two civil wars each chosen from a different region? Analyze the reasons for the outcome of one civil war. How did the outcome affect the country in which the war was fought? To what extent has any civil war in the 20 th century settled the issues that caused it?

13. Examine the reasons for, and the contribution of, guerilla warfare to the outcome of one 20 th -century war. With reference to specific examples, account for the adoption of guerilla warfare and assess its effectiveness.

14. Analyze the results of one 20 th -century treaty or peace settlement In what ways, and with what success, did post-war peacemakers attempt to deal with the problems which produced the conflict? Specific references should be made to two peace settlements “Peace settlements create conditions for new conflicts.” With reference to at least two settlements explain to what extent you agree with this statement.

15. To what extent did technological developments ensure victory in 20 th -century wars? Compare and contrast the role of technology in two wars of your choice. How and why did technological developments play an important part in 20 th -century wars?

16. Examine the role of warfare either at sea or in the air in two wars, each chosen from a different region. Compare and contrast the use of naval warfare in two wars, each chosen from a different region. Assess the role of air power in two 20 th -century wars. In what ways, and with what results for 20 th century wars, did tactics change

17. Assess the social and economic causes of any 20 th - century war. Assess the social and economic effects of one war on two countries involved, in the ten years following the end of the war. Assess the economic and social results on the civilian population of one 20 th -century war. With reference to two wars, each chosen from a different region, explain to what extent the role and status of women was affected.