1. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill INSTRUCTOR:Prof. Jeffrey D. Paduan (Code OC/Pd) OFFICE:Spanagel 348 PHONE:656-3350 EMAIL:paduan@nps.edu QUARTER:Summer 05 WHERE:Spanagel 332 WHEN:Mon–Thur 0400-1450 (Thursday is Lab/Rev/Supp Lecture period) PROPOSED GRADING: Lab/Projects (20%); 2 Tests (25% each); Final Exam (30%) Required Text:Sverdrup, Duxbury, and Duxbury, 2005: The World's Oceans., 8th Edition, McGraw Hill, Press, New York, 514 pp; online supplement: http://www.mhhe.com/sverdrup8 OC3230-Descriptive Physical Oceanography

2. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill What to do? 1)Read Textbook Class Notes 2)Come to class 3)Turn in homework 4)Show up for cruise 5)Ace the exams “Paduan” notes Textbook

3. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill SPECIAL DATES: MPA meeting…6 Jul R/V Pt Sur Cruise…14 Jul R/V Pt Sur Cruise…25 Jul Exam-1 (definite)...2 Aug Exam-2 (Tentative)…1 Sep Labor Day Holiday...5 Sep Final Exam...19 Sep (Sp-226, 1300-1450)

4. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill SPECIAL DATES: MPA meeting…6 Jul R/V Pt Sur Cruise…14 Jul R/V Pt Sur Cruise…25 Jul Exam-1 (Tentative)...1 Aug Exam-2 (Tentative)…1 Sep Labor Day Holiday...5 Sep Final Exam...19 Sep (Sp-226, 1300-1450) Thursdays: Optional “Lab”

5. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill “We here set out with the postulate that the sea, as well as the air, has its system of circulation, and that this system, whatever it be, and wherever its channels lie, whether in the waters at or below the surface, is in obedience to physical laws.” Matthew Fountaine Maury, 1855 What is Oceanography? When did it Start? Who does it?

6. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History

7. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History Ptolemy (5th C) Herodotus (450 BC!)

8. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History “Pre-Columbian” Explorations of the Vikings Afterwards, around 1000-1400 A.D., navigation flourished mainly in Asia and in the Arab World where knowledge was translated and expanded from the Greek civilization

9. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History

10. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History

11. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History

12. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History

13. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History

14. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History John Harrison (1693-1776) H4-Traveled with Capt. Cook Aside: the longitude problem = time Recommend: book “Longitude” by Dava Sobel

15. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History Johannes van Keulen (1682)Ben Franklin & Timothy Folger (1769) Early navigation chart; Compass directions from 14c portolanos (harbor- finding) charts Based on shipping records and designed to help ship transit efficiently between North America and Europe

16. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History Average Satellite SST in 1996Ben Franklin & Timothy Folger (1769) Consistent reports of strong northeast currents allowed Franklin to chart the Gulf Stream and recommend the northern route to Europe and the southern route from Europe

17. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History Jefferson

18. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History LT Matthew F. Maury (1806-1873) Physical Geography of the Sea (1855) Father of Oceanography (one of); began collating records of oceanography observations along with Alexander Bache of the U.S. Coast Survey

19. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History The Beagle voyage included naturalist Charles Darwin

20. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History Challenger Expedition was first dedicated oceanographic cruise

21. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History Challenger Expedition: All oceans-111,000 km Water column and bottom samples Depth soundings (max=8180m in Marianas Trench) 50 Volumes; 20 Years

22. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History Challenger Expedition: Bottom samples identified many new species; De-bunked Forbes’ theory that no life existed below 550m

23. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930ScientistInventorStatesman 1922 Nobel Peace Price Recipient Fram Expedition 1893-1896 Frozen in arctic ice pack for 3 years Meteorological and oceanographic observations Iceberg motion relative to wind direction inspired Ekman’s theory of wind driven currents (1905)

24. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History Meteor Expedition (1925): Discovered mid-Atlantic Ridge Critical mapping of T & S –Deep Circulation

25. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History Oceanographic Institutions 1888Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole) 1892Hopkins Marine Station 1903Scripps Institution of Oceanography 1910Oceanographic Museum of Monaco 1930Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Post WWII = Many More

26. OC3230-Paduan images Copyright © McGraw Hill Chap 1-History Retired MBARI engineer Gary Thurmond took these aerial shots with a "KAP" Rig (Kite Aerial Photography camera platform), pictured at right. The rig consists of a radio-controlled pan and tilt Olympus D-340R digital camera, a small video camera for aiming the rig, and a 2.4 GHz microwave video downlink. The video is received on the ground and used to point the digital camera. MBARIScripps MBARI/MLML dock Moss Landing Pt Sur WesternFlyer Pt Lobos