1. MATLAB AutoCAD Visio Rational Rose Computer Applications in Engineering Design Introductory Lecture LabVIEW PSPICE Orcad

2. Course Information Nuts and Bolts Course Code:CP-203 Prerequisites: Computer Programming Credit Hours: 2 (Theory) + 1 (Lab) Class Homepage: http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/cms/ All handouts, announcements, assignments, etc. posted to website “Lectures” link continuously updates topics, handouts, and reading Class Mailing List: Google / Yahoo Group (Required Email addresses of all students) Email: mona.waseem@uettaxila.edu.pk

3. Course Syllabus MATLAB Orcad Visio Pspice AutoCAD Rational Rose LabVIEW UML

4. Tools Matlab and Orcad is used for electrical/computer systems design AutoCAD like design tools are taught for 3D engineering drawings. Introduction to computer-aided design tools including AutoCAD, OrCAD, MATLAB, LabVIEW, Rational Rose and Visio, etc. Study of theoretical concepts of electronic components and circuits using simulation softwares: PSPICE, MATLAB, and LabVIEW. Tools like Visio and Rational Rose are used for software drawing like process diagrams, class diagram, sequence diagram, interaction diagrams and deployment diagram, Entity-Relationship diagram etc. Design of software designs using Visio and Rational Rose for understanding and implementing object oriented designs and standards like UML.

5. Introduction to Matlab Click on the Matlab icon/start menu initialises the Matlab environment: The main window is the dynamic command interpreter which allows the user to issue Matlab commands The variable browser shows which variables currently exist in the workspace Variable browser Command window Command history

6. Matlab Programming Environment Matlab (Matrix Laboratory) is a dynamic, interpreted, environment for matrix/vector analysis Variables are created at run-time, matrices are dynamically re-sized, … User can build programs (in.m files or at command line) using a C/Java-like syntax Ideal environment for model building, system identification and control (both discrete and continuous time Wide variety of libraries (toolboxes) available

7. Basic Matlab Example a=[1,2,3,4,5]; b=[a;a;a] b=1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Example a=[1;2;3;4;5]; b=[a,a,a] b= 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 Example (transpose) a=[1;2;3;4;5]; b=a’ b= 1 2 3 4 5

8. Basic Matlab Strings a=[‘a’,’b’,’c’] a= abc b=[a;a;a] b= abc abc Strings a=[‘a’,’b’,’c’] a= abc b=[a,a,a] b= abcabcabc Strings a=[‘a’,’b’,’c’] b=[‘a’,’c’,’c’] c=(a==b); c= 1 0 1

9. Basic Matlab

10. A=zeros(a 1, a 2, a 3,… a n ); A is an n dimensional matrix of zeros. A=ones(a 1, a 2, a 3,… a n ); A is an n dimensional matrix of ones. size(A) return the size of A.

11. Basic Matlab A(m,n) returns the value of the matrix in row-m and column-n. b=A(1:end,1) : b will be equal to column 1 of A b=A(5:10,5:10) : b will a-6x6 matrix containing all values of A from rows 5-10 and columns 5-10.

12. Basic Matlab Functions in Matlab function [output variables]=function_name (input variables) Input and output variables, can be of any type.

13. function [out_1,out_2,out_3] = Function_Dec (in_1,in_2,in_3) out_1=in_1+in_2+in_3; out_2=[ 'hello' ; 'world' ]; out_3=[1,2,3,4,5]; return; Basic Matlab Functions in Matlab

14. input: » [a,b,c]=Function_dec(5,3,2) output: a = 10 b = hello world c = 1 2 3 4 5 input: » [a,b,c]=Function_dec([1,2,3],[6,5,4],[3,4,5]) output: a = 10 11 12 b =hello world c = 1 2 3 4 5 Basic Matlab Functions in Matlab

15. Basic Matlab Bit-wise operations Variables must be integers BITAND(a,b) Bit-wise AND. BITOR (a,b)Bit-wise OR. BITXOR (a,b)Bit-wise XOR. BITGET (a,bit-num) Get bit. BITSET (a,bit-num,1/0)Set bit.

16. Basic Matlab conditions If ( Boolean expression). end; Boolean expression == : Is Equal ~=: Not Equal > : Is grater then < : Is less Then >=: Is grater then or equal to <=: Is less then or equal to

17. Basic Matlab conditions switch switch_expr case case_expr, statement,..., statement case {case_expr1, case_expr2, case_expr3,...} statement,..., statement... otherwise, statement,..., statement end

18. Basic Matlab Loops for j=start:step:end. end; example: for j=-1:0.2:3. end; while Boolean expression,. end; example: while a>b,. end; break - Terminate execution of WHILE or FOR loop. break terminates the execution of FOR and WHILE loops. In nested loops, BREAK exits from the innermost loop only.

19. Topics Covered: 1.Plotting basic 2-D plots. The plot command. The fplot command. Plotting multiple graphs in the same plot. Formatting plots. Two Dimensional Plots

20. MAKING X-Y PLOTS MATLAB has many functions and commands that can be used to create various types of plots. In our class we will only create two dimensional x – y plots.

21. Plot title y axis label x axis label Text Tick-mark label EXAMPLE OF A 2-D PLOT Data symbol Legend Tick-mark

22. TWO-DIMENSIONAL plot() COMMAND where x is a vector (one dimensional array), and y is a vector. Both vectors must have the same number of elements.  The plot command creates a single curve with the x values on the abscissa (horizontal axis) and the y values on the ordinate (vertical axis).  The curve is made from segments of lines that connect the points that are defined by the x and y coordinates of the elements in the two vectors. The basic 2-D plot command is: plot(x,y)

23.  If data is given, the information is entered as the elements of the vectors x and y.  If the values of y are determined by a function from the values of x, than a vector x is created first, and then the values of y are calculated for each value of x. The spacing (difference) between the elements of x must be such that the plotted curve will show the details of the function. CREATING THE X AND Y VECTORS 106- 110

24. PLOT OF GIVEN DATA Given data: >> x=[1 2 3 5 7 7.5 8 10]; >> y=[2 6.5 7 7 5.5 4 6 8]; >> plot(x,y) A plot can be created by the commands shown below. This can be done in the Command Window, or by writing and then running a script file. Once the plot command is executed, the Figure Window opens with the following plot. 106- 107 x y 123577.58 6.5775.5468 10 2

25. 106- 107 PLOT OF GIVEN DATA

26. 106- 107 LINE SPECIFIERS IN THE plot() COMMAND Line specifiers can be added in the plot command to:  Specify the style of the line.  Specify the color of the line.  Specify the type of the markers (if markers are desired). plot(x,y,’line specifiers’)

27. 106- 107 LINE SPECIFIERS IN THE plot() COMMAND Line SpecifierLineSpecifierMarkerSpecifier StyleColorType Solid - red r plus sign + dotted : green gcircle o dashed -- blue basterisk * dash-dot -.Cyan cpoint. magenta msquare s yellow ydiamond d black k plot(x,y, ‘ line specifiers’)

28. 107- 108 LINE SPECIFIERS IN THE plot() COMMAND  The specifiers are typed inside the plot() command as strings.  Within the string the specifiers can be typed in any order.  The specifiers are optional. This means that none, one, two, or all the three can be included in a command. EXAMPLES: plot(x,y)A solid blue line connects the points with no markers. plot(x,y,’r’)A solid red line connects the points with no markers. plot(x,y,’--y’)A yellow dashed line connects the points. plot(x,y,’*’)The points are marked with * (no line between the points.) plot(x,y,’g:d’)A green dotted line connects the points which are marked with diamond markers.

29. 110- 111 Year Sales (M) 1988198919901991199219931994 127130136145158178211 PLOT OF GIVEN DATA USING LINE SPECIFIERS IN THE plot() COMMAND >> year = [1988:1:1994]; >> sales = [127, 130, 136, 145, 158, 178, 211]; >> plot(year,sales,'--r*') Line Specifiers: dashed red line and asterisk markers.

30. 110- 111 PLOT OF GIVEN DATA USING LINE SPECIFIERS IN THE plot() COMMAND Dashed red line and asterisk markers.

31. % A script file that creates a plot of % the function: 3.5^(-0.5x)*cos(6x) x = [-2:0.01:4]; y = 3.5.^(-0.5*x).*cos(6*x); plot(x,y) CREATING A PLOT OF A FUNCTION Consider: A script file for plotting the function is: Creating a vector with spacing of 0.01. Calculating a value of y for each x. Once the plot command is executed, the Figure Window opens with the following plot. 111- 112

32. A PLOT OF A FUNCTION 111- 112

33. CREATING A PLOT OF A FUNCTION If the vector x is created with large spacing, the graph is not accurate. Below is the previous plot with spacing of 0.3. 111- 112 x = [-2:0.3:4]; y = 3.5.^(-0.5*x).*cos(6*x); plot(x,y)

34. 112- 113 THE fplot COMMAND fplot(‘function’,limits) The fplot command can be used to plot a function with the form: y = f(x)  The function is typed in as a string.  The limits is a vector with the domain of x, and optionally with limits of the y axis: [xmin,xmax] or [xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax]  Line specifiers can be added.

35. 112- 113 PLOT OF A FUNCTION WITH THE fplot() COMMAND >> fplot('x^2 + 4 * sin(2*x) - 1', [-3 3]) A plot of:

36. PLOTTING MULTIPLE GRAPHS IN THE SAME PLOT Plotting two (or more) graphs in one plot: 1.Using the plot command. 2. Using the hold on, hold off commands. 114- 116

37. USING THE plot() COMMAND TO PLOT MULTIPLE GRAPHS IN THE SAME PLOT Plots three graphs in the same plot: y versus x, v versus u, and h versus t.  By default, MATLAB makes the curves in different colors.  Additional curves can be added.  The curves can have a specific style by adding specifiers after each pair, for example: 114- 115 plot(x,y,u,v,t,h) plot(x,y,’-b’,u,v,’—r’,t,h,’g:’)

38. 114- 115 USING THE plot() COMMAND TO PLOT MULTIPLE GRAPHS IN THE SAME PLOT Plot of the function, and its first and second derivatives, for, all in the same plot. x = [-2:0.01:4]; y = 3*x.^3-26*x+6; yd = 9*x.^2-26; ydd = 18*x; plot(x,y,'-b',x,yd,'--r',x,ydd,':k') vector x with the domain of the function. Vector y with the function value at each x. Vector yd with values of the first derivative. Vector ydd with values of the second derivative. Create three graphs, y vs. x (solid blue line), yd vs. x (dashed red line), and ydd vs. x (dotted black line) in the same figure.

39. 114- 115 USING THE plot() COMMAND TO PLOT MULTIPLE GRAPHS IN THE SAME PLOT

40. hold on Holds the current plot and all axis properties so that subsequent plot commands add to the existing plot. hold off Returns to the default mode whereby plot commands erase the previous plots and reset all axis properties before drawing new plots. USING THE hold on, hold off, COMMANDS TO PLOT MULTIPLE GRAPHS IN THE SAME PLOT 115- 116

41. 115- 116 Plot of the function, and its first and second derivatives, for all in the same plot. x = [-2:0.01:4]; y = 3*x.^3-26*x+6; yd = 9*x.^2-26; ydd = 18*x; plot(x,y,'-b') hold on plot(x,yd,'--r') plot(x,ydd,':k') hold off Two more graphs are created. First graph is created. USING THE hold on, hold off, COMMANDS TO PLOT MULTIPLE GRAPHS IN THE SAME PLOT

42. Plot title y axis label x axis label Text EXAMPLE OF A FORMATTED 2-D PLOT Data symbol 106 Legend Tick-mark Tick-mark label

43. FORMATTING PLOTS A plot can be formatted to have a required appearance. With formatting you can:  Add title to the plot.  Add labels to axes.  Change range of the axes.  Add legend.  Add text blocks.  Add grid. 116- 122

44. FORMATTING PLOTS There are two methods to format a plot: 1.Formatting commands. In this method commands, that make changes or additions to the plot, are entered after the plot() command. This can be done in the Command Window, or as part of a program in a script file. 1.Formatting the plot interactively in the Figure Window. In this method the plot is formatted by clicking on the plot and using the menu to make changes or add details. 116- 122

45. FORMATTING COMMANDS 116- 122 title(‘string’) Adds the string as a title at the top of the plot. xlabel(‘string’) Adds the string as a label to the x -axis. ylabel(‘string’) Adds the string as a label to the y -axis. axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]) Sets the minimum and maximum limits of the x - and y -axes.

46. FORMATTING COMMANDS 116- 122 legend(‘string1’,’string2’,’string3’) Creates a legend using the strings to label various curves (when several curves are in one plot). The location of the legend is specified by the mouse. text(x,y,’string’) Places the string (text) on the plot at coordinate x,y relative to the plot axes. gtext(‘string’) Places the string (text) on the plot. When the command executes the figure window pops and the text location is clicked with the mouse.

47. EXAMPLE OF A FORMATTED PLOT Below is a script file of the formatted light intensity plot (2 nd slide). 120- 121 x=[10:0.1:22]; y=95000./x.^2; xd=[10:2:22]; yd=[950 640 460 340 250 180 140]; plot(x,y,'-','LineWidth',1.0) hold on plot(xd,yd,'ro--','linewidth',1.0,'markersize',10) hold off Creating a vector with light intensity from data. Creating a vector with coordinates of data points. Creating vector x for plotting the theoretical curve. Creating vector y for plotting the theoretical curve.

48. 120- 121 EXAMPLE OF A FORMATTED PLOT Formatting of the light intensity plot (cont.) Creating a legend. xlabel('DISTANCE (cm)') ylabel('INTENSITY (lux)') title('\fontname{Arial}Light Intensity as a Function of Distance','FontSize',14) axis([8 24 0 1200]) text(14,700,'Comparison between theory and experiment.','EdgeColor','r','LineWidth',2) legend('Theory','Experiment',0) Creating text. Title for the plot. Setting limits of the axes. Labels for the axes. The plot that is obtained is shown again in the next slide.

49. 120- 121 EXAMPLE OF A FORMATTED PLOT

50. FORMATTING A PLOT IN THE FIGURE WINDOW Once a figure window is open, the figure can be formatted interactively. Use Figure, Axes, and Current Object- Properties in the Edit menu Click here to start the plot edit mode. Use the insert menu to 121- 122

51. QUIZ Q1.a=[‘ab’,’ac’,’ad’],b=[a,a,a]B=? Q2. Differentiate hold on and hold off.