1. HANDBOOK ON GREEN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Chapter 26: Survey on Smart Grid Communications: From an Architecture Overview to Standardization Activities
1Periklis Chatzimisios, 2Dimitrios G. Stratogiannis, 2Georgios I. Tsiropoulos and 1Giwrgos Stavrou
1Alexander TEI of Thessaloniki
2 National Technical University of Athens

2. Outline Introduction Smart Grid Definition Smart Grid Description
Participating Entities
Power Parts
Smart Grid Analysis
Layers of Analysis
Smart Grid Capabilities and Features

3. Introduction
The convergence of the existing power delivery infrastructure with ICT will lead to:
An innovative energy distribution grid
Upgrade of the existing power grid by integrating a high speed, reliable, secure data communication network.
New capabilities and significant advantages
Variety of applications and services
Fields of Impact
Automation facilities
Advanced data collection
Broadband telecommunications
Intelligent appliance interoperability and control
Security and Surveillance
Distributed power generation
Effective integration of renewables and diversified production mix
Environmental Policies

4. Smart Grid Definition
The next generation power grid is based on the evolution of communication networking infrastructure integrated in the electrical grid enhancing data exchange and automated management in power systems.
The communication network should be able to meet the specifications and needs of the power grid and system communications providing advantages such as
flexibility,
resilience,
sustainability,
scalability,
cost-effectiveness,
interoperability and
interaction of the participating entities,
Thus, the name Smart Grid is entitled to the next generation power distribution network

5. Smart Grid Description
Participating Entities:
energy providers
policy makers
regulation authorities
enterprises
Power Grid Parts
Generation
Transmission
Distribution (Substations)
Customers

6. Smart Grid Analysis Physical Power Layer Transport Control Layer
Generation system: Power generation in plants
Transmission: Delivers power from plants to substations
Distribution: Delivers power from substations to the consumers
Transport Control Layer
Integrated high speed communication network
Supports secure data collection and transport
Permits the interaction and communication among entities involved
Advanced sensing and measurement equipment
Application Layer
Includes all the services provided to end users such as automated metering, broadband access etc.

7. Smart Grid

8. Smart Grid Capabilities
Key Characteristics:
Advanced Interoperability among entities and parts of power grid.
Improved Grid management and optimized operation
Improved Situational Awareness and Communications in the power grid
Advanced Services for End-Users
Carbon emissions reduction supporting environmental protection efforts – green specifications

9. Smart Grid Features (1)
Improved Power Grid management and optimized operation
Integration of distributed generation and renewables in a full scale network.
Support of diversified energy production mix according to environmental policies
Decision Making regarding the Grid Operation taking into account operational parameters from throughout the network
Real-time Avoidance Mechanism for power demand exceedance and power failures .

10. Smart Grid Features (2) Advanced Interoperability in Smart Grid
Interconnection among all participating entities, establishing communication and cooperation.
Installation and support of different kinds of generation and storage equipment supporting decentralized production
Coordination between providers and consumers to optimize power utilization.
Dynamic pricing able to be adjustable according to current supply and demand.
Improved corporate asset management by integrated control equipment

11. Smart Grid Features (3)
Improved Situational Awareness and Communications
Data collection regarding the operational conditions of the power grid entities.
Advanced sensing equipment
Monitor and control by exchanging information among entities involved in power grid processes.
Prediction / Detection faults in power grid improving reliability and avoiding service disruption.
Immediate response on power demand variations.

12. Smart Grid Features (4) Advanced Services for Users
Automated Metering Infrastructure allowing real-time measurements and collection of important data via smart meters
Dynamic pricing aiming at keeping competent prices in favor of customers.
Smart Home Appliances
Advanced communication networks and facilities for broadband access to all users via BPL implementation

13. General State of Smart Grid Application
Main Concept: Evolution a network into a smart grid
+ offer services with high quality
+ increased consistency
- difficult to be realized
Difficulties
technical challenges
conceal the potential opportunities of a smart grid to customers

14. Parameters of Economic Market and Social Aspects
Power supply companies
focused mainly on the wholesale market of power
power stock exchange
Densely populated VS sparsely populated regions
market is less effective
high transportation cost
limited number of
competitive suppliers
economically offers
The state funds partially or in whole the investment
The power market cannot operate efficiently

15. Automated Metering Description
A Smart Grid system is expected to utilize smart meters at any customer location
These advanced meters will establish a two way communication measuring power consumption and collecting crucial information such as:
voltage and current monitoring
current load
waveform recordings
power requirements
variations under peak conditions

16. Automated Metering in Energy Production
Smart meters can measure electricity usage and collect data for the service provider.
Significant role in the decentralized electricity production
integration of renewable energy production units since they will measure the part of the generated energy consumed by the household and the part returned to the main network
Distribution automation abilities in the areas of protection and switching

17. Pricing and Automated Metering
The two main factors that affect billing are
the power consumption
the market price
Three pricing techniques:
time of use where certain constant prices are used
critical peak pricing where prices are altered only on power peaks.
real time pricing where price differentiation according to the day-of or day-ahead cost of power is provided to the service provider

18. Communications for Smart Metering
Smart meters at any customer location
Access point data will be forwarded to the control section of the power grid.
Various wireless networking technologies such as IEEE WLANs, 3G UMTS, IEEE WiMAX can be applied.
BPL Communications can be a very promising solution for smart grid since there will be no charging for data transmission and it will minimize dependence from networking technologies.
IP-based system that will transfer all the data collected
ANSI C12.22 standard
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

19. A High Level Overview of Smart Grid

20. Smart Grid communications infrastructure (1)
The Smart Grid communications infrastructure is composed of:
“core” (or backbone)
“middle-mile” (or backhaul)
“last-mile” (or access, distribution)
“homes” and “premises”

21. Smart Grid communications infrastructure (2)
The “core” network supports the connection between numerous substations and utilities’ headquarters. The backbone network requires high capacity and bandwidth availability and is usually built on optical fibers.
The “middle-mile”, referred as Wide Area Network (WAN), connects the data concentrators in AMI with substation/distribution automation and control centers associated with utilities’ operation. This sector needs to provide broadband media as well as easy and cost-effective network installation.

22. Smart Grid communications infrastructure (3)
The “last-mile” covers the areas of Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) and AMI since it is responsible for both the data transport and collection from smart meters to concentrators. There are many available wired and wireless technologies that must provision broadband speed and security.
The “premises” network supports Home Area Network (HAN) dedicated to effectively manage the on-demand power requirements of the end- users and associated building automation. It is predominantly based on the IEEE , IEEE and PLC standards.

23. Standards and Interoperability (1)
Interoperability can be defined as “the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information, to use the information that has been exchanged and to work cooperatively to perform a task”.
Smart Grid includes technology deployments that must connect large numbers of smart devices and systems involving hardware and software.
Interoperability actually enables integration, effective cooperation as well as two-way communication among the many interconnected elements of the electric power grid.

24. Standards and Interoperability (2)
To achieve interoperability, internationally recognized communication and interface standards should be developed by Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) and Specification Setting Organizations (SSOs).

25. Standards and Interoperability (3)
Interoperability standards include some of the following:
Recognition of the need for a standard in a particular area
Involvement of users to develop the business scenarios and use cases that drive the requirements for the standard
Review of existing standards in order to determine if they meet or not the need
Finalization of the standard and full implementation of the standard by vendors
Significant interoperability testing of the standard by different vendors under different scenarios
Amending or updating the standard in order to reflect findings during the interoperability tests

26. Standardization activities around the world (1)
The main standardization bodies for Smart Grid are:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC)
UCA International Users Group (UCAIug)
Vendor Collaborations
HomePlug Powerline Alliance (
Z-Wave Alliance (
ZigBee Alliance (

27. Standardization activities around the world (2)
Other major Smart Grid standardization roadmaps and studies :
German Standardization Roadmap E-Energy / Smart Grid
International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) Smart Grid Focus Group
Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) roadmap to international standardization for smart grid
Korea’s Smart Grid Roadmap 2030 from the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE)
CIGRE D2.24
Microsoft SERA

28. NIST Priority Action Plans (PAPs) (1)
Priority Action Plan (PAP)
Standard(s) or Guideline(s)
PAP 0 - Meter Upgradeability Standard
NEMA Meter Upgradeability Standard
PAP 1 - Role of IP in the Smart Grid
Informational IETF RFC
PAP 2 - Wireless Communications for the Smart Grid
IEEE 802.x, 3GPP,3GPP2, ATIS, TIA
PAP 3 - Common Price Communication Model
OASIS EMIX, ZigBee SEP 2, NAESB
PAP 4 - Common Scheduling Mechanism
OASIS WS-Calendar
PAP 5 - Standard Meter Data Profiles
AEIC V2.0 Meter Guidelines (addressing use of ANSI C12)
PAP 6 - Common Semantic Model for Meter Data Tables
ANSI C , MultiSpeak V4, IEC
PAP 7 - Electric Storage Interconnection Guidelines
IEEE , IEEE , IEEE , IEC , ZigBee SEP 2
PAP 8 - CIM for Distribution Grid Management
IEC , IEC , IEC ,14, MultiSpeak V4, IEEE 1547
PAP 9 - Standard DR and DER Signals
NAESB WEQ015, OASIS EMIX, OpenADR, ZigBee SEP 2
PAP 10 - Standard Energy Usage Information
NAESB Energy Usage Information, OpenADE, ZigBee SEP 2, IEC , ASHRAE SPC 201P

29. NIST Priority Action Plans (PAPs) (2)
Priority Action Plan (PAP)
Standard(s) or Guideline(s)
PAP 11 - Common Object Models for Electric Transportation
ZigBee SEP 2, SAE J1772, SAE J2836/1-3 , SAE J2847/1-3, ISO/IEC ,3, SAE J2931, IEEE P2030-2, IEC 62196
PAP 12 - IEC Objects/DNP3 Mapping
IEC , Mapping DNP to IEC 61850, DNP3 (IEEE 1815)
PAP 13 - Time Synchronization, IEC Objects/IEEE C Harmonization
IEC , IEEE C37.118, IEEE C37.238, Mapping IEEE C to IEC 61850, IEC
PAP 14 - Transmission and Distribution Power Systems Model Mapping
IEC , MultiSpeak V4
PAP 15 - Harmonize Power Line Carrier Standards for Appliance Communications in the Home
DNP3 (IEEE 1815), HomePlug AV, HomePlug C&C, IEEE P1901 and P1901.2, ISO/IEC , G.9960 (G.hn/PHY), G.9961 (G.hn/DLL), G.9972 (G.cx), G.hnem, ISO/IEC , ISO/IEC 14543, EN
PAP 16 - Wind Plant Communications
IEC
PAP 17 - Facility Smart Grid Information Standard
New Facility Smart Grid Information Standard ASHRAE SPC 201P
PAP 18 - SEP 1.x to SEP 2 Transition and Coexistence
Zigbee

30. Conclusions (1)
Smart Grids have received considerable attention worldwide in recent years.
A number of organizations, standard bodies and countries worldwide have launched significant efforts to encourage the development of the Smart Grid.
The development and use of international standards is an essential step towards this direction.
Interoperability is the key to the Smart Grid, and standards are the key to interoperability.

31. Conclusions (2)
There are various standardization activities by the key players involved in the standardization process.
Many standards and rules for Smart Grid have been already put in place.
Standardization activities will offer significant advantages to power grid parts, to energy providers, policy makers, regulation authorities, enterprises and customers.

32. Thanks for your attention!