1. Brain, The Final Frontier Kiminobu Sugaya, Ph.D. Ksugaya@uic.edu Http://www.uic.edu/labs/sugaya/

2. Homeostasis Response to Outside and Inside Environment

5. Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) –Brain –Spinal Cord –Olfactory –Optic nerves Almost no regeneration????? Peripheral Nervous system (PNS) –Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Parasympathetic –Somatic –Cranial Nerves (3-12) Some regeneration

7. What are the components of CNS ? Neuron Glia

8. Neurons Cells that specialized for transmitted chemical and electrical signals from one part of the body to another. CELL BODY AXON Myelin sheath Schwann cell Node of Ranvier Synaptic terminals DendritesNucleus Synapses

9. Impulse Presynaptic neuron Vesicle Transmitters Synaptic cleft Receptors Postsynaptic neuron Postsynaptic activity

10. Classifying Neurons Number of axons and dendrites Type of connections Type of neurotransmitter unipolar, bipolar, multipolar sensory, motor, interneurons Acetylcholin, Dopamine

11. Glia Cells Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells

12. Possible Roles of Glia Cells supporting element producing myelin scavengers - removing debris buffer guide migration in course of development help to form special lining in the capillaries - Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

13. Anyone touched human brain?

14. bumps = gyri grooves =sulci (fissures)

15. Is the brain hard or soft? The brain is soft. How it is protected?

19. CSF

20. Ventricles

21. Blood-Brain barrier

22. Cortical layer I II III IV V VI Blood vessel Neuron

24. Mapping the brain function How much % of the brain are we using? 10% 50% 100%

26. Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Cerebellum

27. Primary motor cortex (M1) Posterior parietal cortex Premotor cortex (PMA) Supplementary motor cortex (SMA) Primary motor cortex (M1) Foot Hip Trunk Arm Hand Face Tongue Larynx

28. Broca ’ s area Pars opercularis Motor cortexSomatosensory cortex Sensory associative cortex Primary Auditory cortex Wernicke ’ s area Visual associative cortex Visual cortex

29. Evidence for localization Broca (1861) Expressive Aphsia can understand but cannot speak Wernicke (1876) Receptive Aphsia can speak but cannot understand

31. Sensory Stimuli Sensation Perception Phenomena in Environment Excitation in Sensory Nerve Integration in Sensory CNS Speech

34. Left Auditory cortex Right Auditory cortex Cochlea Medial geniculate nucleus Inferior colliculus Superior Olivary nucleus Ipsilateral Cochlear nucleus Auditory nerve fiber

35. Optic nerve Optic tract Lateral geniculate nucleus Optic radiation Optic chiasm Primary visual cortex

36. Line Retina Lateral geniculate nucleus Primary Visual Cortex (V1) What you see, what you get

41. Processing of sound

48. Amygdala Hippocampus

50. C oordination and control of voluntary movement.

51. N erve pathway of cerebral hemispheres. A uditory and Visual reflex centers. Cranial Nerves: CN III - Oculomotor (Related to eye movement), [motor]. CN IV - Trochlear (Superior oblique muscle of the eye which rotates the eye down and out), [motor].

52. R espiratory Center. Cranial Nerves: CN V - Trigeminal (Skin of face, tongue, teeth; muscle of mastication), [motor and sensory]. CN VI - Abducens (Lateral rectus muscle of eye which rotates eye outward), [motor]. CN VII - Facial (Muscles of expression), [motor and sensory]. CN VIII - Acoustic (Internal auditory passage), [sensory].

53. C rossing of motor tracts. C ardiac Center. R espiratory Center. V asomotor (nerves having muscular control of the blood vessel walls) Center ﾊ C enters for cough, gag, swallow, and vomit. Cranial Nerves: *CN IX - Glossopharyneal (Muscles and mucous membranes of pharynx, the constricted openings from the mouth and the oral pharynx and the posterior third of tongue.), [mixed]. *CN X - Vagus (Pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, stomach), [mixed]. *CN XI - Accessory (Rotation of the head and shoulder), [motor]. *CN XII - Hypoglossal (Intrinsic muscles of the tongue), [motor].

58. The PET scan on the left shows two areas of the brain (red and yellow) that become particularly active when volunteers read words on a video screen: the primary visual cortex and an additional part of the visual system, both in the back of the left hemisphere. Other brain regions become especially active when subjects hear words through ear-phones, as seen in the PET scan on the right. To create these images, researchers gave volunteers injections of radioactive water and then placed them, head first, into a doughnut-shaped PET scanner. Since brain activity involves an increase in blood flow, more blood and radioactive water streamed into the areas of the volunteers' brains that were most active while they saw or heard words. Positron Emission Tomography

62. fMRI Very mild activity (blue to red areas) is recorded in certain regions of a volunteer's brain as he hears a series of sharp but meaningless clicks (see the white box on the left of the first picture.) When he listened to instrumental music, the same region of the man's brain became much more active (orange to yellow areas), as shown in the white box on the left of the second picture. But in addition, several new areas of his brain were activated. This increase in activity reflected the richer meaning of the sounds.

63. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and MRI

64. Electroencephalography (EEG)

66. Brain, The Final Frontier Kiminobu Sugaya, Ph.D. Ksugaya@uic.edu Http://www.uic.edu/labs/sugaya/