1. Verb Forms and Related Matters

2. Basic Structure of the Main Clause
Subject/ Verb
Maria sang.
Subject / Verb/ Object
She sang a song.
Subject/ Verb/ Complement
Her voice was lovely.
Her voice = a lovely thing.

3. English Basics English is rather an analytic language.
That is, to determine what a word is, you often must look at how it is used and where it is in a sentence.
Other words may change in form (or pronunciation) when they become something else.
For example, refer becomes reference, and harass becomes harassment (accent shift?)

4. Same Word: Both Verb and Noun
The word produce, for example, can be used as a verb or a noun (but pronounced differently):
We should produce more widgets to help the U.S. economy improve. (Action verb).
The produce at that grocery is all certified organic. (Subject, thus a noun).
There is fresh broccoli in one of the produce bins. (Noun adjunct---two nouns put together, one modifying the other, stating what kind of bins.)

5. Another Example: Verbs and Nouns
Some words look and sound exactly the same. You can only tell what they are by how they are used in a sentence.
You should study hard to be successful in college.
He was secluded in his study, working on his essay.
We decided to form a study group.

6. Variations Dummy subject/linking verb/real subject.
There was a pretty bird sitting in the tree.
There were pretty birds sitting in the tree.
There was a flock of pretty birds in the tree.
It is raining.
The bird is a cardinal. It sits there every morning and sings.
This is a bird. These are trees.

7. Part of Sentences Nouns Verbs Pronouns Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions
Conjunctions

8. Verb Forms: Present Tense
Present tense—called “the plain form” or the “dictionary” form in some texts
Used for present action, habitual or repeated action, a “fact”; used sometimes for dramatic effect in a story.
Maria sings in church every Sunday.
Maria’s voice is lovely.
The congregation is hushed and attentive as Maria sings.

9. Present Tense (continued)
For third person singular and plural (he, she, it, and they), remember that OFTEN--
if there is no “s” on the subject, there should be an “s” or “es” on the verb.
The girl sings beautifully.
The girls sing beautifully.
The gardener waters the flowers every week.
The workers water the flowers every week.

10. Tenses: Present Progressive
Present progressive, the --ing form
Used when something is happening right now or when other events are occurring at the same time.
I am sitting at my computer right now. The sun is shining, and the sky is blue.
Maria is singing right now, and the congregation is listening intently.

11. Past Tense
Often it has a “d” or “ed” on the end. It is also used as the past participle with helping verbs.
He watered the flowers yesterday.
They watered the flowers when he was out of town.
Maria used to sing in church every Sunday.
She was supposed to sing last Sunday, but she got sick. (N.B., “to sing” is not a verb, but a verbal, and it does not have tense.)

12. Past and Present Perfect Forms
These sentences use the correct forms of have and had.
I have been an English teacher for thirty years. (Present perfect—I was in the past and I still am).
I had been a graduate student working on a Ph.D. before I became a lecturer at Oakton. (Past perfect—I am not a graduate student now.)

13. Examples of Helping Verbs
These verb forms for past perfect, present perfect, and so on can also be helping verbs.
He has been watering the flowers on Sundays all summer. (Present perfect—Started in the past and is still going on)
He had been watering the flowers on Sundays for many years, but he changed the schedule last week. (Past perfect—past, finished and done)
Note watering here which is a present participle. See next frame for those –ing forms.

14. Various Tenses
Some tenses are used primarily when the sentence has a time marker or when there is a contrast with another point in time.
I was walking in my neighborhood when I saw a dog running loose.
I have been walking in this neighborhood for years, but until this morning, I had never seen a dog on the street unaccompanied by its owner.
I will be looking for that dog this afternoon after I get off work.

15. Verbs and Verbals
Verbs like “water” get an -ng added for the present participle. But sometimes they cease to function as verbs and become nouns.
Watering the lawn during a drought is forbidden by the city ordinance. (Here watering the lawn is the name of an activity. It function as the subject of the sentence; hence, it is a noun phrase.

16. Distinguishing between Verbs and Verbals
Be sure to distinguish between verbs and verbals. Verbals do not function as verbs anymore. You can see what they are by their position in the sentence. They may be nouns (subjects or objects) or even adjectives.
To sing is a great joy. Singing is a great joy. (Subjects; hence, nouns).
Mary loves to sing. (Loves is the verb here. To sing is the name of an activity, the object of loves.)

17. Distinguishing between Verbs and Verbals (cont.)
Verbs which function as verbs show action or being.
They have different forms and tense (time) markers, and they must agree in person and number with the subject of the sentence or the clause.
All independent clauses must have a real verb.

18. Real Verbs and Verbals
Verbals stay the same. Their form does NOT change.
They love to sing. They love singing. They loved singing. They would like to sing in the choir.
He liked to dance. He likes to dance. He would like to dance in the musical.
He was a singing and dancing star years ago. (adjectives modifying star)