1. System Flow Charts A modeling method that analysts may use to
provide a graphic overview of the relationships between
input, processing, and outputs for the whole system.
file
Inventory
transaction
Inventory
processing
Inventory
Inventory
update
report
Inventory
Master
update

2. Function Decomposition Modeling Method
A function decomposition provides a conceptual
overview of all the activities an organization performs in
support of its overall purpose.
Business function
Manufacture product
Distribute product
Market product
Maintain operations
R & D
Market analysis
Advertising
R & D
Maintain parts
Production operations

3. Procedure Modeling Methods
The modeling methods, such as HIPO diagrams,
Nassi-Schneiderman charts, program flow charts,
psuedocode and structured English, action diagrams, and
structure charts, are used to help model the information
system procedures that eventually become instructions
that make up program logic.
Program logic
Refers to the way programs execute, sometimes
called a program’s procedure model.

4. HIPO Diagram Modeling Method
HIPO diagrams are used to hierarchically show the
inputs, processing, and outputs of each processing module.
A HIPO diagram usually consists of three separate
and interrelated sets of diagrams :
1. A visual table of contents (VTOC) diagram
2. An Overview diagram
3. One or more detail diagrams
HIPO VTOC Diagrams
Identifies the major procedures performed by the
system and the subordinate procedure necessary to
successfully complete the major procedure.

5. Figure : VTOC for processing a payroll application
NEW
EMPLOYEE
HIRING
1.0
System
Procedure
NEW
EMPLOYEE
DATA ENTRY
1.1
EMPLOYEE
APPLICATION
PROCESSING
1.2
DEPARTMENT
PERSONNEL
REPORTING
1.3
Subordinate
Procedure
CHECK &
MATCH
QUALIFICATION
1.21
PROCESS
MATCHED
REQUEST
1.22
Figure : VTOC for processing a payroll application

6. HIPO Overview Diagrams
A HIPO diagram to depict each level of processing
within the VTOC, with an overview diagram sometimes
created for each module in the VTOC.
HIPO Detail Diagrams
A HIPO diagram that contains the specific steps
involved in procedures identified in the overview diagram.

7. Nassi-Schneiderman Charts
A procedure modeling method in which each type of
control structure is used to specify the set of procedures
required for a particular application using the three basic
principles of good programming : sequence, selection, and
iteration.
Sequence
Selection
Iteration IF
LOOP STATEMENT
Instruction a
TRUE
FALSE
Instruction a
Instruction b
LOOP
BODY OF
Instruction n

8. Example of Nassi-Schneiderman chart
OPEN FILE
DO WHILE THERE ARE RECORD TO BE ENTERED
INPUT RECORD FROM TERMINAL
VALIDATE RECORD
VALID RECORD ?
YES NO
WRITE TO FILE
WRITE TO
ERROR FILE
CLOSE FILES
Example of Nassi-Schneiderman chart

9. Program Flow Charts A procedure diagram that uses graphical symbols
to specify the logic of programming procedures that
express sequence, selection, and iteration.
START
A , B
Yes No
A >= B A B
STOP

10. Pseudocode Consists of instructions written in broken-English
statements that are fundamentally equivalent to their
counterparts in a particular computer language.
Open the files
Read a COMMISSION record
Do until end of file
Compute commission
Print a detail line
ENDDO
Close the files
End of program

11. Structured English A procedure modeling method similar in use to
pseudocode, but less cryptic in its statement.

12. Structure Charts A structure chart (STC) is a graphical modeling
method that depicts the procedure logic of programs in a
basic format consistent with the layout of structured
programs.

13. Basic symbols for structure charts

14. Structure chart example

15. Structure chart Commissions Process Read Commission Record Commission
Print
Special
Letter
Print
Award
List
Read
Commission
Record
Commission
Calculate

16. Conversion from DFD to Structure charts
Description
Course
Record
Course
Read 2
Course
Record
Course Master
Of Credits
Course Number
GPA.
Calculate 4
GPA.
Number
Course
Record
Grade
Read 1
Grade
Record
Print 5
Student
Report
Grade file
Grade
Course
Student
Report
Card
Number
Student
Record
Student
Read 3
Student
Record
Student Master
Student
DFD Level 0

17. Child diagram Grade Point Average Grade Course Description Course
Format
5.1
Student
Name and
Address line
Format
5.2
Course
Grade
line
Format
5.3
Grade Point
Average
line
and Address
Student Name
Course
Grade
Line
Write
5.4
Report
Card
line
Average Line
Grade Point
Address Line
Name and
Student
Report
Card
Child diagram

18. A structure chart for producing student report cards
Produce
Student
Report Card
Prepare
Student
Report Card
Grade
Read
Record
Course
Read
Record
Student
Read
Record
Grade Point
Calculate
Average
Student
Print
Report Card
Format Student
Name and
Address Line
Format
Course
Grade Line
Format
Grade Point
Average Line
Write
Report
Card Line
A structure chart for producing student report cards