1. ESL 221 October 7, 2009

2. Documenting Sources In research based essays, it is often necessary to quote and paraphrase the information we find in various sources In research based essays, it is often necessary to quote and paraphrase the information we find in various sources Using such source material gives credibility to our writing, thus making our essays stronger Using such source material gives credibility to our writing, thus making our essays stronger

3. Documenting Sources In order to avoid plagiarism, we must document the exact location of the information we quote or paraphrase In order to avoid plagiarism, we must document the exact location of the information we quote or paraphrase We must do this anytime we use any idea, concept or statistic from any other person We must do this anytime we use any idea, concept or statistic from any other person

4. Documenting Sources There are many methods for documenting sources, however two are most commonly used at American universities: There are many methods for documenting sources, however two are most commonly used at American universities: MLA (Modern Language Association) format MLA (Modern Language Association) format APA (American Psychological Association) format APA (American Psychological Association) format Each format has specific guidelines for appearance and pertinent information to be included Each format has specific guidelines for appearance and pertinent information to be included

5. Which format should I use? For the purposes of this class, I prefer that you use APA format. However it will be important that you know which format is expected for other classes, as some instructors will prefer MLA. For the purposes of this class, I prefer that you use APA format. However it will be important that you know which format is expected for other classes, as some instructors will prefer MLA.

6. APA Citation Style The APA style consists of two primary components: The APA style consists of two primary components: A Reference List – this is a detailed list of all of the sources to which you have made reference in your essay. The reference list appears at the end of the essay. A Reference List – this is a detailed list of all of the sources to which you have made reference in your essay. The reference list appears at the end of the essay. In-Text Citations – accompanies each piece of cited material in the body of the paper; points the reader to the detailed citation on the reference list In-Text Citations – accompanies each piece of cited material in the body of the paper; points the reader to the detailed citation on the reference list

7. Frequently Asked Questions Is it okay if I only do a reference list? Is it okay if I only do a reference list? No, you must complete both a reference list AND in- text citations to avoid plagiarism No, you must complete both a reference list AND in- text citations to avoid plagiarism What if I paraphrase? Do I have to make a citation? What if I paraphrase? Do I have to make a citation? Yes, citations are required any time you use an idea from another person; the only exceptions are ideas that are common knowledge (e.g. “The sky is blue”) Yes, citations are required any time you use an idea from another person; the only exceptions are ideas that are common knowledge (e.g. “The sky is blue”)

8. Other Questions?

9. What does it look like? When you are reading an essay with APA citations, the first thing you will notice are the in-text citations. For example: When you are reading an essay with APA citations, the first thing you will notice are the in-text citations. For example: “More recently, in 2000 the poverty rate stood at 11.3 per cent, then rose to 12.1 and 12.5 per cent in 2002 and 2003 ” (Paddock). Note the name of the author in parentheses after the quote, which directs the reader to the reference list for further details Note the name of the author in parentheses after the quote, which directs the reader to the reference list for further details

10. What does it look like? In-text citation: In-text citation: “More recently, in 2000 the poverty rate stood at 11.3 per cent, then rose to 12.1 and 12.5 per cent in 2002 and 2003” (Paddock). Reference list entry: Reference list entry: Paddock, C. (2007, August 29). 47 million Americans without health insurance, census report. Medical News Today, Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/80897.php

11. What does it look like? In-text citation: In-text citation: “More recently, in 2000 the poverty rate stood at 11.3 per cent, then rose to 12.1 and 12.5 per cent in 2002 and 2003” (Paddock). Reference list entry: Reference list entry: Paddock, C. (2007, August 29). 47 million Americans without health insurance, census report. Medical News Today, Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/80897.php

12. More Information The Brief McGraw-Hill Handbook is your best source for information on APA and MLA format citations The Brief McGraw-Hill Handbook is your best source for information on APA and MLA format citations MLA begins on p. 213 MLA begins on p. 213 APA begins on p. 263 APA begins on p. 263 Let’s take a few minutes to explore the APA section Let’s take a few minutes to explore the APA section

13. Using the Handbook Scenario 1: You have found a source and would like to use it in an essay. The source is from a website; the author’s name is Steve Martin. Find the page in the book that will show you how to create a reference list entry. Scenario 1: You have found a source and would like to use it in an essay. The source is from a website; the author’s name is Steve Martin. Find the page in the book that will show you how to create a reference list entry. Scenario 2: You have found a quote in a newspaper article. The author’s name is Karen Bannister. Find this type of entry in the Handbook. Scenario 2: You have found a quote in a newspaper article. The author’s name is Karen Bannister. Find this type of entry in the Handbook.

14. Using the Handbook Scenario 3: You have found a quote on a website and would like to use it in your essay. There is no author listed, and you cannot find the date when the website was published. What page would you turn to for information on creating this kind of citation? Scenario 3: You have found a quote on a website and would like to use it in your essay. There is no author listed, and you cannot find the date when the website was published. What page would you turn to for information on creating this kind of citation?

15. Handout Complete the handout, which will require you to use many of the skills we have discussed thus far (e.g. writing a research question, writing a thesis statement, citing a source) Complete the handout, which will require you to use many of the skills we have discussed thus far (e.g. writing a research question, writing a thesis statement, citing a source) You should begin to work with a partner; if we run out of time, the worksheet will become homework for Monday You should begin to work with a partner; if we run out of time, the worksheet will become homework for Monday