2. All input to your brain originally comes from your five senses…but then what?

3. The vast majority of your sensory input gets filtered out

4. Your brain’s first filter allows you to focus Without this, you would be constantly be bombarded with EVERY piece of information about the outside world! SENSORY OVERLOAD!

5. Brain Anatomy 1. Reticular activating system (your first filter) 2. Amygdala (emotion processor) 3. Prefrontal cortex (conscious thinking)

6. Reticular Activating System (RAS) -This filtering system is part of your lower brain and does not involve conscious thought. -You don’t choose what makes it through the filter.

7. Reticular Activating System (RAS) -Sensory input that is threatening or novel makes it through your RAS filter

8. Reticular Activating System (RAS) -input that the RAS does not think is novel will enter the lower brain, but will not make it to complex, conscious thought

9. The Amygdala – the Emotion Processor When the amygdala is in a state of fear, stress, or frustrated overload, any new sensory input from the RAS does not go to the Prefrontal Cortex for complex thought and processing It acts as a second filter of information

10. Sensory input in an “average” brain

11. What will happen when each input enters Homer’s brain? Will it reach the PFC (PreFrontal Club neuron party)?

12. PFC (PreFrontal Club Party – where every input wants to go!) RAS (Ralph Arnold Schwarzenegger) the Bouncer of Boring Amy G. Dala (the good feeling guardian)

13. Our first contestant – The Journal of Neuroscience

14. Write your prediction on your whiteboard! H for “Hasta la Vista, Baby” N for “No Problemo”

15. Our first contestant – The Journal of Neuroscience

16. “Hasta la Vista, Boring” The journal did not pass the Reticular Activating System!

17. Our second contestant – a tiger

18. Write your prediction on your whiteboard! T for “Terminated” N for “No Problemo”

19. Our second contestant – a tiger

20. “No Problemo, Tigers are Novel” (and maybe threatening to some) The tiger passed the Reticular Activating System!

21. Our second contestant – a tiger

22. Write your prediction on your whiteboard! A for “AHHHH! So scary! I can’t process this!” B for “Boop Boop Be Doo”

23. Our second contestant – a tiger

24. “AHHH! So scary! I can’t process this!” The tiger caused the Amygdala to register fear and wouldn’t allow the information to enter the Prefrontal Club

25. Our last contestant – a doughnut

26. Write your prediction on your whiteboard! G for “Get Out” M for “Mmm…doughnut”

27. Our last contestant – a doughnut

28. “Mmmm…Doughnut” The novel pink doughnut passed the Reticular Activating System!

29. Our last contestant – a doughnut

30. Write your prediction on your whiteboard! S for “Sprinkles cause me stress” M for “Mmm…doughnut”

31. “Mmm…Doughnut” Amy G. Dala stayed in her positive mood and allowed the information to enter the Prefrontal Club!

32. PreFrontal Cortex Party – All kinds of conscious thought and memory encoding

33. To summarize… If the sensory input is threatening or novel, it will make it through the Reticular Activating System If the Amygdala is in a positive emotional state, the input will make it to the Prefrontal Cortex In the Prefrontal Cortex, the brain performs conscious tasks and makes strong memories

35. Amy G Dala blocks entry to the thinking brain (PreFrontal Club) in response to Negative Emotions. These are processed in the lower brain.

36. When students are experiencing NEGATIVE EMOTIONS F EAR S TRESS from frustration S TRESS from boredom, they can not engage in and remember the lesson.

37. No learning here!

38. Or here!

39. Stress can be produced quite inadvertently. Learning is easily sidelined.

40. Even small facial cues determine students’ learning Images of a threatening face or friendly face viewed before memory task.

41. Reading: Students who first viewed the smiling face, were able to recall a greater number of the originally seen vocabulary words on average 17% more effectively than those who viewed the frowner. Math: Similar results occurred for those solving math problems.

42. What the brain looks like solving academic problems under stressed and unstressed conditions B: Stressed subjects show heightened activity in the amygdala and much less cortical activity A: During the unstressed state, increased activity in prefrontal cortex and memory storage regions.

43. The effect of stress A chemical – TMT (trimethyltin) – is released into the brain; TMT disrupts brain cell development; STM and work efficiency are impaired; With extended periods of stress, LTM is impaired; (Kato & McEwen in Willis 2006) In a hypermetabolic state, information can not pass from sensory awareness into the memory connection and storage regions of the brain, and learning does not occur

44. Stress on Students Looks like: fatigue anger fear boredom

45. General strategies to calm your emotions and counteract stress: visualize a place where you’ve felt happy; this increases dopamine and brings pleasure to the amygdala; write down your distracting thoughts on a piece of paper to deal with them later; take short syn-naps to give your synapses time to recharge-do something different & active - toss a nerf ball to a classmate while reciting lesson-related vocabulary with each toss.

46. More General Strategies to Quell Stress Practice. To master a basketball shot, you shoot it 1,000 times. In the same way, practice multiplication facts or science vocabulary. When you do this, dendrites actually grow between the nerve cells in the network that holds that memory. Each time you review, the memory becomes stronger. Relax. Practice deep breathing as you enter a situation you know to be stressful.

47. Even More Strategies Visualize content. If you are studying history, imagine how the people were dressed and the appearance of the buildings and land. For vocabulary, visualize the words and network what you know about it & similar words to it.

48. Counteract Stress to Increase Neurotransmitter production- Develop Positive Emotions act kindly towards others; laugh; listen to someone read to you; interact with friends; recognize your progress; take pride in what you do. use your skills to do projects you enjoy; and…

49. Of course… Get plenty of sleep - dendrites grow and become stronger while you are sleeping.

50. Signing off from the PFClub Amy G Dala, guardian of good feeling RAS, Ralph Arnold Schwarzenegger And your buds - Mike, Linda, and Beth