1. Andrea Pain, seecon international gmbh
Access to Water and Sanitation- the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Andrea Pain, seecon international gmbh

2. Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source!
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Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source!
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3. Contents
Introduction
Why is Access to Water and Sanitation Crucial?
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
MDG 7: Ensuring Environmental Sustainability
Indicators for MDGs
MDG Progress: Access to Water
MDG Progress: Access to Sanitation
Gaps in MDG Progress
References

4. The Water and Sanitation Crisis
1. Introduction
The Water and Sanitation Crisis
2.5 billion people without access to improved sanitation
780 million without access to improved drinking water sources
(WHO UNICEF 2012
3,900 children killed every day (UNMP-TWS 2005)
Source:

5. The Water and Sanitation Crisis
2. Why is Access to Water and Sanitation Crucial?
The Water and Sanitation Crisis
Health
Time
Dignity
Economic losses
Every year, 1.4 million children die due to diarrhoea from waterborne diseases (WATERAID.ORG 2011)
Source:

6. The Water and Sanitation Crisis
2. Why is Access to Water and Sanitation Crucial?
The Water and Sanitation Crisis
Health
Time
Dignity
Economic losses
In Africa, 40 billion working hours a year are spent collecting clean drinking water (UNMP-TWS 2005)
Source: WHO UNICEF 2010

7. The Water and Sanitation Crisis
2. Why is Access to Water and Sanitation Crucial?
The Water and Sanitation Crisis
Health
Time
Dignity
Economic losses
Women and girls are particularly affected by lack of access to water and sanitation services
Source: HEEB (2007)

8. The Water and Sanitation Crisis
2. Why is Access to Water and Sanitation Crucial?
The Water and Sanitation Crisis
Health
Time
Dignity
Economic losses
Due to inadequate sanitation,
India loses US $53.8 billion per year resulting from decreased working productivity and increased health costs (WSP 2010)
Source:

9. Goals for Global Development
3. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Goals for Global Development
In 2000, United Nations Millennium Declaration (UNMD) adopted to achieve the following goals:
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Achieve universal primary education
Promote gender equality and empower women
Reduce child mortality
Improve maternal health
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Ensure environmental sustainability
Develop a global partnership for development
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Source:
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10. Target for Water and Sanitation
4. MDG 7: Ensuring Environmental Sustainability
Target for Water and Sanitation
Target 7.c: “To halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation” (UN 2010)
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Source: WHO UNICEF 2010

11. Synergies Between SSWM and Other MDGs
4. General Importance of SSWM
Synergies Between SSWM and Other MDGs
MDG Goal
Synergies With SSWM
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Increased food security, working productivity
Achieve universal primary education
Decreased absence from school due to waterborne diseases
Promote gender equality and empower women
Reduced burden to collect water, better health
Reduce child mortality
Decreased waterborne diseases
Improve maternal health
Access to safe water and sanitation, improved hygiene
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Decreased incidence of diarrhoea, cholera, other waterborne diseases
Ensure environmental sustainability
Improve quality of freshwater sources, reduce eutrophication
Develop a global partnership for development
Stakeholder participation, enable actors
Source:

12. Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP)
5. Indicators for MDGs
Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP)
Data collection:
International Household Survey Network (IHSN)
729 nationally representative household surveys, 152 Censuses (WHO UNICEF 2010)
How do we evaluate “safe” drinking water and sanitation?
Source: WHO UNICEF 2010

13. The Drinking Water Ladder
5. Indicators for MDGs
The Drinking Water Ladder
“Unimproved:” unprotected dug well, unprotected spring, surface water (i.e. river, dam, lake, pond, stream), bottled water
“Other improved:” public taps or standpipes, tube wells or boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs, rainwater collection
“Piped water on premises:” piped household water connection located inside the user’s dwelling, plot, or yard
Unimproved
Improved
Source: WHO UNICEF 2010

14. 5. Indicators for MDGs The Sanitation Ladder
“Open defecation:” disposal of human faeces in open spaces or with solid waste
“Unimproved facilities:” do not ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact
“Shared:” otherwise acceptable sanitation facilities shared between two or more households
“Improved:” ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact
Unimproved
Improved
Source: WHO UNICEF 2010

15. Criticisms of the Joint Monitoring Program Methodology
5. Indicators for MDGs
Criticisms of the Joint Monitoring Program Methodology
Critics: the sanitation ladder focuses too much on technical solutions
Proposition: use “function-based sanitation ladder” that begins with excreta containment and ends with integrated resource management
Source: ECOSANRES 2010

16. 6. MDG Progress: Access to Water
MDG Target Has Been Met
Source: WHO UNICEF (2012)

17. Geographical disparities
6. MDG Progress: Access to Water
Geographical disparities
Access to improved drinking water sources has not improved across the board– Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have made little progress with the majority of the population relying on unimproved drinking water sources
Source: WHO UNICEF (2012)

18. Geographical Disparities
6. MDG Progress: Access to Water
Geographical Disparities
Source: WHO UNICEF (2012)

19. Off Track for MDG Target
7. MDG Progress: Access to Sanitation
Off Track for MDG Target
Source: WHO UNICEF (2012)

20. Geographical Disparities
7. MDG Progress: Access to Sanitation
Geographical Disparities
Source: WHO UNICEF (2012)

21. Geographical Disparities
7. MDG Progress: Access to Sanitation
Geographical Disparities
Source: WHO UNICEF (2012)

22. The Urban-Rural Disparity
8. Gaps in MDG Progress
The Urban-Rural Disparity
Of those without improved drinking water sources or improved sanitation, the vast majority reside in rural areas
…There is still a great deal of progress to be made to increase access to safe water and sanitation in rural areas
Source: WHO UNICEF (2012)

23. 9. References
ECOSANRES (Editor) (2010): The Sanitation Ladder – A Need for a Revamp?. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute EcoSanRes Programme. [Accessed: ]
UN (Editor) (2010): Millennium Development Goals. [Accessed: ]
UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY (UNGA) (Editor) (2000): United Nations Millennium Declaration. New York: United Nations General Assembly. [Accessed ]
UN MILLENNIUM PROJECT TASK FORCE ON WATER AND SANITATION (UNMP-TWS) (Editor) (2005): Health, Dignity and Development: What Will it Take?. London: United Nations Development Programme. [Accessed ]
WATERAID.ORG (Editor) (2011): Statistics. [Accessed ]
WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM (WSP) (Editor) (2010): The Economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in India. New Delhi: World Bank Water and Sanitation Program. equivalent-64-cent-gdp [Accessed ]
WHO (Editor); UNICEF (Editor) (2010): Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water Update. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO) / New York: UNICEF. [Accessed: ]
WHO (Editor); UNICEF (Editor) (2012): Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water Update. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO) / New York: UNICEF. [Accessed: ]

24. “Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture”
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