1. Chapter 1: Part 1 Matter & Measurements
Introduction: Matter, Measurement and Molecules
Introduce people Me
Erica
David
Phil
David Lean
need to find out what Phil is doing (credentials)
Need to establish that we are A TEAM and that the Tutors are fantastic- so they don’t have problems when assessment arrives as a shock

2. Hubble Image Pillars of Creation in M16 Eagle Nebula A Star-forming region
Gas Pillars in the Eagle Nebula (M16): Pillars of Creation in a Star-Forming Region
Every element heavier than Hydrogen was formed by fusion in stars, generally novas at the end of their life just before they explode, starting a new cycle of nebula and star formation. Like it said in Joni Mitchell’s song about Woodstock, “We are Stardust!”. So is everything else made of matter.

3. Chemistry
The study of matter and the
changes it undergoes.
Figure 1.2

4. The Scientific Method A systematic approach to solving problems
Figure 1.9

5. Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space.

6. Matter Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
Each element is made of the same kind of atom.
A compound is made of two or more different kinds of elements.
Figure 1.1

7. Pure Substances, Elements and Compounds
Matter that has distinct properties and a composition
that doesn’t vary from sample to sample, e.g. salt.
Element
A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler
substances, e.g. oxygen gas.
Compound
A substance that is composed of two or more different
elements, so it contains two or more different kinds of atoms, e.g. water.
The elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same and this is known as the Law of Constant Composition (or Law of Definite Proportions)
Joseph Proust ( )

9. Solid Carbon Polymorphs (different crystal structures, 1 element)
Nanotube of soot carbon with open hollow fullerene structure. The network for hegagonal rings permits ready transfer of electrons. These are ultra light weight but conductive and have useful properties for new high tech materials as well as good old fashioned soot and particulate pollution.
Rare well crystalline hexagonal graphite crystal from Kimmirut, Baffin Island, Nunavut. This is the most common and abundant form of carbon in nature. It makes a dry lubricant, a conductor of electricity and an industrial mineral for pigments, additives and pencil “leads” when mixed with clays.
The diamond, upper right is a 3 carat “diamond shaped” specimen from the Ekati mine at Lac de Gras in the NWT. Diamond is cubic high density carbon derived from deep seated igneous rocks that have come up quickly from greater than 160 km depth in the Mantle. It is mostly used as an industrial abrasive, but a few stones are large, clear and flawless enough to be valuable as precious gems.

10. Monatomic & Molecular Elements Compounds and MixturesHe
All 3 H2
BF3

11. Mixtures
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity and can be separated from each other.
There are two types:
- heterogeneous: a mixture which does not have the same composition, properties and appearance throughout: muesli, sand, rocks.
- homogeneous: a mixture which is uniform throughout: solutions, air, smoke, alloys

12. Banded Malachite Cu2(CO3 )(OH)2 & Crystals Copper Sulphate Hydrate & Solution Cu(SO4) – 6H2O
Is mostly pure microcrystalline needles of green malachite, where the colour variation is due to crystal form not impurities or mixtures. The well crystallized specimen to the right shows the monoclinic crystal form of this cuprous carbonate hydroxide. This occurs naturally where acid rain alters copper sulfide ore deposits. It also makes the verdigris colour on old copper roofs and weathered bronze artifacts.
Cuprous sulfate hexahydrate forms as a blue crystalline solid which dissolves readily to form blue acidic solutions. In the days of alchemy this was called blue vitriol. It is still used as an herbicide and farm poison to “kill ponds”. The solution here is the only true mixture, the others are pure compounds.

13. Classification of Matter
Figure 1.5

14. Properties and Changes of
Matter

15. Properties of Matter Physical Properties Chemical Properties
Can be observed without changing a substance into another substance.
Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.
Chemical Properties
Can only be observed when a substance is changed into another substance.
Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with acid, etc.

16. Properties of Matter Intensive Properties Extensive Properties
Independent of the amount of the substance that is present.
Density, boiling point, colour, etc.
Extensive Properties
Dependent upon the amount of the substance present.
Mass, volume, energy, etc.

17. GaAs a semi-conductor has nearly overlapping molecular bonds
Being a semi-conductor
is an intrinsic property
of this compound, due
to its bonds & crystal
structure.

18. Changes of Matter Physical Changes Chemical Changes
Changes in matter that do not change the composition of a substance.
Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.
Chemical Changes
Changes that result in new substances.
Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.

19. Chemical Reactions (Chemical Change)
Figure 1.6
In the course of a chemical reaction, the reacting substances are converted to new substances.

20. Compounds
Compounds can be broken down into more elemental particles; for example, during the electrolysis of water, the smaller particles hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are created.

21. 2H2(g) + O2 (g)  H2O (g) + E
Fuel Cells rely on putting energy in to separate Hydrogen and Oxygen in a closed container by the electrolysis of water. This is the “Charging” cycle. When the fuel cells run down, they follow the closed combustion reaction as written above, recombining the Hydrogen with the Oxygen to obtain water again plus the heat/energy that is converted to work in the engine.

22. Separation of Mixtures

23. Separation of Mixtures
1. Distillation
Separates a
homogeneous
mixture on the
basis of differences
in boiling point.
Figure 1.8

24. Separation of Mixtures
2. Filtration
Separates solid substances from liquids and solutions.
Figure 1.7

25. Units of Measurement

26. SI Units Système International d’Unités
Uses a different base unit for each quantity

27. Metric System
Prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate for the item being measured.
Table 1.3

28. SI Units - Length and Mass
The SI base unit of length is the metre (m).
Mass (m) is a measure of the amount of material in an object. The SI base unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).

29. SI Units - Temperature The Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature.
It is based on the properties of gases.
There are no negative Kelvin temperatures.
K = C
Figure 1.10

30. Derived SI Units Volume
The most commonly used metric units for volume are the litre (L) and the millilitre (mL).
A litre is a cube 1 dm long on each side.
A millilitre is a cube 1 cm long on each side.

31. Derived SI Units Density
Density is a physical property of a substance and is determined through the following formula:
density =
mass
volume
 = m V
or symbolically

33. Uncertainty in Measurement

34. Uncertainty in Measurements
Different measuring devices have different uses and different degrees of accuracy.
Figure 1.12

35. Significant Figures
All digits of a measured quantity, including the uncertain, are called significant figures.
The greater the number of significant figures, the greater the certainty of the measurement.

36. Significant Figures All nonzero digits are significant, e.g. 123.45
Zeros between two significant figures are themselves significant, e.g
Zeros at the beginning of a number are never significant, e.g =
Zeros at the end of a number are significant if a decimal point is written in the number, e.g has six significant figures but has only five significant figures

37. Significant Figures
When addition or subtraction is performed, answers are rounded to the least significant decimal place.
When multiplication or division is performed, answers are rounded to the number of digits that corresponds to the least number of significant figures in any of the numbers used in the calculation.

38. Precision and Accuracy
Accuracy refers to the proximity of a measurement to the true value of a quantity.
Precision refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other.
Figure 1.15

39. Reading Errors & Interpolation
27°+/- 1°C
Here the large division marks are for 10°C while the smaller ones are for 5°C. The red dyed alcohol in this thermometer is about 40% of the way between 25°C and 30°C so: (30°-25°) x 0.4 = 2° but this is above 25° so we add 25° + 2° = 27°. Our reading error is about +/- 1° so we write down 27° +/- 1° C, presuming we can reproducibly read to 20% of the smallest division. Pretty finicky hair splitting, but we try to be as precise as we can.