1. 19th Century Nationalism
Unit 7:
19th Century Nationalism
Reforms in Europe and the Unification of Germany & Italy

2. What is Nationalism?
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country
Patriotism
Desire for unification or a national identity
Positive & negative

3. 19th Century Nationalism
Growing belief that loyalty lies within the nation itself (among the people), not with the ruler.
Nationalism is created through a shared territory, language, culture, history, or religion.
Most nationalists were considered radical or liberal. They wanted a constitutional government and nation-state formation.
Nation-state: nation with its own independent government.

4. Types of Nationalism
Unification: People who live in a similar area become united despite political and cultural differences. (Italy & Germany)
Separation: Differing groups of people resist being a part of the state.
Ex: Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman Empire
State-building: Different groups of people are joined together in the acceptance of a single culture.
Ex: U.S.A.

6. Germans
: Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire & annexed land along the Rhine River – created the Rhine Confederation.
1814: Treaty of Paris declared the German states independent.
: German states were loosely grouped and formed the German Confederation, dominated by the Austrian Empire.

7. The Prussian Empire had a primarily German population.
This contrasted with the various ethnic groups in
Austria-Hungary that tore the empire apart.

8. Moving towards a German Nation
1815: Congress of Vienna redrew the political map of Europe and created a confederation of German states with Prussia as the head
1830s: Tariffs between German states were taken away, creating economic unity between them

9. German Nation Continued
1848: A liberal constitution paved the way for unification.
At Frankfurt Assembly the crown of a unified
Germany was offered to Frederick William IV of
Prussia, but he turned it down.
1861- Wilhelm I succeeded throne and
sought reforms
Junkers- strongly conservative Prussian
landowners who supported Wilhelm I

10. Enter Otto von Bismarck
Born in Prussia, a Junker(nobility)
1862: became chancellor or prime minister
Realpolitik: “the politics of reality”
Tough power politics with no idealism

11. Bismarck cont. Bismarck received the king’s approval to rule without
parliamentary consent and without a legal budget
These acts violated the constitution, but Bismarck
felt that power was more important than principles…
Loyal to Hohenzollern’s (Prussian royals)
Basically having tied everyone in economically
he manipulated the politics.

12. Land Seized by Bismarck

13. Military Under Bismarck
Strengthened the military
Britain and Germany became the most powerful countries in Europe
: Prussia & Austria allied against Denmark took Shleswig & Holstein
(Increased national pride among Prussians)

14. Military Under Bismarck
: Seven Weeks’ War – Bismarck provoked Austria into declaring war on Prussia, and Austria was defeated in the seven weeks.
Venetia was given to Italy
Prussia annexed more German territory
Eastern and western parts of the Prussian kingdom were joined with northern Germany
1867- remaining northern states joined the Prussian-controlled North German Confederation

15. Military Under Bismarck
1870: Franco-Prussian War – Napoleon III declared
war on Prussia & was defeated within weeks.
This finalized Germany’s unification.
Southern Germans accepted Prussian leadership.
Prussia’s King Wilhelm I crowned Kaiser (emperor)
The German empire was called the Second Reich
Prussian dominance was achieved

17. The Second Reich
After all the victories, William I of Prussia became Kaiser or emperor
Bismarck drafted a new constitution:
Two-house legislature
Bundesrat: upper house/appointed by rulers
Reichstag: lower house/elected by males

18. Germany Industrializes
Leader of continental Europe
Focused on chemical and electrical industries
Resources: iron and coal
Disciplined &
educated workforce

19. Industrialized Nation cont.
Population boom
(lots of buyers & producers)
Railroads
Single German currency
Protective tariffs

20. The Iron Chancellor: Bismarck
“A government must not waiver once it has chosen it's course. It must not look to the left or right but go forward.” -Otto von Bismarck
Continued to weaken France
Crushed local loyalties (to the Church, to ethnic groups– the nation was everything!)

21. Bismarck cont. Kulturkampf: battle for civilization –
against the Catholic Church
Fought against the Social Democratic Party
(Socialists/Marxists)
Actually introduced many ideas that we now
consider socialist (healthcare, workers comp)

22. Kaiser William II Succeeded his grandfather in 1890
Believed in divine right
Asked Bismarck to step down
Strengthened Germany’s military & navy – wanted an overseas empire
Created many social programs & further funded education

23. Road to Italian Unification
Shared the Italian language but not much else
Hadn’t been ruled together since Rome
People identified with local regions
Congress of Vienna (1815): Austria took northern Italy, Hapsburgs took other parts & the French took Naples & Sicily in the south

25. Nationalism Grows in Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini formed “Young Italy”: a secret society
“Ideas grow quickly when watered by the blood of martyrs”
Reminded Italians of their former glory & history (i.e. Rome)

26. Count Camillo Cavour Appointed Prime Minister of Sardinia
Improved economy
Wanted to take over northern territories from Austria
Napoleon III of France helped Cavour remove the Austrians & take back territory

27. Kingdom of Two Sicilies
Giuseppe Garibaldi recruited 1,000 “red-shirt” volunteers with the help of Cavour
Took Sicily first, then went after Naples
Garibaldi turned over Naples & Sicily to King Victor Emmanuel (ruler of Sardinia)
Eventually took back the North/Venice
France abandoned Rome in 1870

29. Problems that Italy Faced
No tradition of unity
Strong regional rivalries: north & south
Power struggle between the Catholic Church – forced to “relocate” in the Vatican
Political struggle: two-house legislature was set up but very few could vote
Anarchists attempted to overthrow the government
Many emigrated to the US, Canada & Latin America

30. Europe in 1871