1. Unit 1:Chapter 2.2 Psychological Approaches to Understanding Behaviour Development Psychologists Haskings-Winner, J., Collishaw, R., et al. (2011). Social Science: An Introduction. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

2. Stage Models Developmental psychologists try to understand how humans develop according to stages model theories; these models help us understand what is happening to us at different times in our lives 1. Psychosexual Theory – Freud 2. Cognitive Development Theory – Piaget 3. Psychosocial Development Theory – Erikson 4. Socio-Emotional Development for Girls – Bingham & Stryker

3. 1. Psychosexual Theory – Freud Conscious mindego (rationality) Mind Unconscious Mindid (pleasure p.) superego (conscience) Assumption: All born with the instinctive impulse to seek pleasure and avoid pain – id This instinct my come into conflict with the superego – which tells us to obey the expectations of society and family. The id and superego battle it out! Personality is the result of which wins at various points in our lives

4. 1. Psychosexual Theory – Freud Continued StagesAgeId’s Pleasure focusSigns in Adulthood that the Id won 1. OralBirth – 18 m Oral gratification - sucking Putting things in mouth Overeating, smoking, nail-biting 2. Anal18 m – 3 yrs Bowl pleasure Resisting toilet training Meanness, obsessive neatness, resentment of authority 3. Phallic3-6 yrs Awareness of sex organs Oedipus /Electra complex Selfishness, poor opposite-sex relationships 4. Latency6yrs to puberty Same-sex friends Few opposite-sex friends Lack of close friends 5. Genitaladolescence Dating and marriage Sexual energy Guilt about sexuality, feelings of inadequacy

5. 1. Psychosexual Theory – Freud Continued Criticisms: Less accepted today Inborn, unconscious motivations are less accepted than external factors (no biological proof) Today we have a balanced focus on both nurture and nature Freud said males were more normal and females inferior

6. 2. Cognitive Development Theory - Piaget Children go through chronological developmental stages of intelligence (or cognitive development) Orderly and predictable Self emerges as each step is mastered Process of learning… limited by the development of the human brain

7. 2. Cognitive Development Theory - Piaget continued StageAgeCharacteristics (concluded from experiments) 1. SensorimoterBirth – 2 yrs Learn by touching, egocentric (don’t understand others’ experiences), something exists only when you can see it 2. Pre- operational 2-6 yrsUnderstands symbols, understands that things can exist when you can’t see them (including concepts - cat, dog), Can’t understand why others can be right and they, wrong 3. Concrete operational 7-11 yrsHave logic - understand principles of measurement and size, quantities may be equal although arranged differently 4. Formal operational 11 yrs +Think abstractly – “on my right-hand side”, recognize other’s experiences and that others may by right or wrong

8. 2. Cognitive Development Theory - Piaget continued Criticisms / problems / conclusions: Not everyone progresses through the stages at same rate 30% of 30 year olds not at formal operational

9. 3. Psychosocial Development Theory – Erik Erikson 8 chronological stages of development that describe a person’s entire life At each stage individuals face a conflict between social demands and personal wants Self emerges as we successfully or unsuccessfully resolve all 8 conflicts

10. StageageExperience +Experience - Trust v. MistrustB - 1Parent care: physical /psychological needs Lack of care uncertain parental love Autonomy v. shame, doubt 2 yrsEncouragement, clear discipline Criticism, overprotective discipline Initiative v. guilt3-5Encouragement of child’s interests, parental pride Criticism of child’s failures Industry v. inferiority6-12Guidance and praise of academic/social development Too high/low expectations to success in school Identity v. diffusionAdol.Strong role models to promote self-esteem and life goals no role models, social demands cause inner turmoil Intimacy v. isolationYoung adult Healthy identity – concern for others – caring relationships Focus on the self over others fear of being hurt by bad rel. Generativity. isolation. Adult - hood Make good personal decisions, success, enjoy work, concern for growth others Self-centered, lack of concern for others Integrity v. despairOld age Self-confident, having led a complete life - satisfaction Depression, lacking fulfillment, sense of failure Psychosocial Development Theory – Erik Erikson

11. 3. Psychosocial Development Theory – Erik Erikson. continued Criticism / problems / critiques Model is too rigid – not everyone proceeds at same rate Still highly popular (simple, complete, logical)

12. 4. Bingham & Stryker (1995) Five –stage Model: 1) Developing the Hardy Personality 2) Forming a Identity 3) Skill Building for Self-Esteem 4) Strategies for Self-Sufficiency 5) Satisfaction in Work and Love This model takes place with the premature adult and the focus is emotional and financial self-sufficiency, satisfaction with relationships and work environment in developing autonomy

13. 5. Leta Stetter Hollingworth Studied at a time when women were not involved in the field of psychology Proved that females had the same cognitive ability as males Studied the cognitive abilities of children, especially those with learning disabilities and those deemed gifted Concluded that IQ was based partially on genetics but that their potential realized through environment and education

14. Other Important Studies Harry Harlow: Surrogate Mother experiment Discovered that infants depend on their caregivers for more than just their physical needs See video Mary Ainsworth: Infant – Mother Attachment (The Strange Situation Attachment) Helped in the understanding of the importance of early attachment to a caregiver and its impacts later in life See video