1. Renewable Energy Chapters18 Living in the Environment, 14 th Edition, Miller Advanced Placement Environmental Science A.C. Mosley High School Mrs. Dow

2. Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power Biomass Geothermal Hydrogen Sustainability www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

3. Energy Efficiency  Increasing energy efficiency of common devices has economic and environmental advantages  Reducing oil imports  Prolonging fossil fuel supplies  Reducing pollution and environmental degradation  Saving money  Buys time to develop new technology  Creating jobs

4. Efficiency of Some Common Devices Device Efficiency (%) ß ßDry-cell flashlight battery90 ß ßHome gas furnace85 ß ßStorage battery70 ß ßHome oil furnace65 ß ßSmall electric motor62 ß ßSteam power plant38 ß ßDiesel engine38 ß ßHigh-intensity lamp32 ß ßAutomobile engine 25 ß ßFluorescent lamp22 ß ßIncandescent lamp 4

5. Energy Efficiency percentage of energy input that does useful work in an energy conversion system www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

6. Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency  Between 1985 and 2001, the average fuel efficiency for new motor vehicles sold in the United States leveled off or declined  Fuel-efficient models account for only a tiny fraction of car sales  Hybrid-electric cars are now available and sales are expected to increase  Fuel-cell cars that burn hydrogen fuel will be available within a few years  Electric scooters and electric bicycles are short-range transportation alternatives

7. Energy use of various types of transportation www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

8. Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency  Superinsulated house is more expensive than a conventional house, but energy savings pay back the extra cost  Strawbale houses have the additional advantage of using an annually renewable agricultural residue, thus slowing deforestation

9. Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency  Existing homes can be made more energy efficient  adding insulation  plugging leaks  installing energy-saving windows  wrapping water heaters  installing tankless models  buying energy-efficient appliances and lights

10. Natural Gas or Electricity ßWater heater ßElectricity is produced at power plant via gas or coal and transferred via wire to your home ßSome energy is lost over the wire, …

11. Water Heater ßTank ßWater is heated 365/24/7 ßBecause heat is lost through the flue and the walls of the storage tank (this is called standby heat loss), energy is consumed even when no hot water is being used.

12. Water Heater ßTankless ßThe energy consumption of these units is generally lower since standby losses from the storage tank are eliminated. ßDemand water heaters with enough capacity to meet household needs are gas- or propane- fired. ßhttp://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topwater.htmhttp://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topwater.htm

13. Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power Biomass Geothermal Hydrogen Sustainability

14. Solar Energy  Buildings can be heated  passive solar heating system  active solar heating system  Solar thermal systems are new technologies that collect and transform solar energy into heat that can be used directly or converted to electricity  Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy directly into electricity

15. Suitability of Solar Usage best when more than 60% of daylight hours sunny www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

16. Solar Heating Passive system: Absorbs & stores heat from the sun directly within a structure Active system: Collectors absorb solar energy, a pump supplies part of a buildings heating or water heating needs. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

17. Energy is free Net energy is moderate (active) to high (passive) Quick installation No CO 2 emissions Very low air and water pollution Very low land disturbance (built into roof or window) Moderate cost (passive) Need access to sun 60% of time Blockage of sun access by other structures Need heat storage system High cost (active) Active system needs maintenance and repair Active collectors unattractive AdvantagesDisadvantages Trade-offs Passive or Active Solar Heating

18. Solar Domestic Hot Water (SDHW) ßAn open circuit hot water system heats the domestic water directly on the roof of the building ßThe water flows from the heat collector into the hot water tank to be used in the house ßIntegration of solar energy conservation in homes can reduce energy consumption by 75-90%. ßwww.iea-shc.orgwww.iea-shc.org www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

19. Photovoltaic (Solar) Cells Provides electricity for buildings www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

20. Inside the PV cell ßPV cells are made from silicon alloys ßPV module ß1cm by 10cm cells ß36 cells connected www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

21. Fairly high net energy Work on cloudy days Quick installation Easily expanded or moved No CO 2 emissions Low environmental impact Last 20-40 years Low land use (if on roof or built into walls or windows) Reduce dependence on fossil fuels Need access to sun Low efficiency Need electricity storage system or backup High land use (solar cell power plants) could disrupt desert areas High costs (but should be competitive in 5-15 years) DC current must be converted to AC AdvantagesDisadvantages Trade-Offs Solar Cells

22. Solar Thermal Techniques Solar Two www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

23. Heliostats ßHeliostats provide concentrated sunlight to the power tower ßThe reflecting mirrors follow the sun along its daily trajectory www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

24. Power Tower ßSunlight from mirrors are reflected to fixed receiver in power tower ßFluid transfers the absorbed solar heat into the power block ßUsed to heat a steam generator Solar One www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

25. Moderate net energy Moderate environmental Impact No CO 2 emissions Fast construction (1-2 years) Costs reduced with natural gas turbine backup Low efficiency High costs Needs backup or storage system Need access to sun most of the time High land use May disturb desert areas AdvantagesDisadvantages Trade-Offs Solar Energy for High-Temperature Heat and Electricity

26. Solar-Hydrogen Revolution  Splitting water can produce H 2 gas  If scientists and engineers can learn how to use forms of solar energy to decompose water cheaply, they will set in motion a solar-hydrogen revolution  Hydrogen-powered fuel cells could power vehicles and appliances

28. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Energy Efficiency Solar EnergyHydropower Wind Power Biomass Geothermal Hydrogen Sustainability

29. History of Hydroelectric ßB.C. - Used by the Greeks to turn water wheels for grinding wheat into flour, more than 2,000 years ago ß1775 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers founded, with establishment of Chief Engineer for the Continental Army ß1880 - Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company, generating electricity by dynamo, belted to a water turbine at the Wolverine Chair Factory, lit up 16 brush-arc lamps. www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt

30. – By 1940 - 40% of electrical generation was hydropower – Between 1921 and 1940 - conventional capacity in the U.S. tripled; almost tripled again between 1940 and 1980 – Currently - about 10% of U.S. electricity comes from hydropower. www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt History of Hydroelectric

31. www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt

32. Turbine Technologies ßReaction ßfully immersed in fluid ßshape of blades produces rotation www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt

33. Moderate to high net energy High efficiency (80%) Large untapped potential Low-cost electricity Long life span No CO 2 emissions during operation May provide flood control below dam Provides water for year-round irrigation of crop land Reservoir is useful for fishing and recreation High construction costs High environmental impact from flooding land to form a reservoir High CO 2 emissions from biomass decay in shallow tropical reservoirs Floods natural areas behind dam Converts land habitat to lake habitat Danger of collapse Uproots people Decreases fish harvest below dam Decreases flow of natural fertilizer (silt) to land below dam AdvantagesDisadvantages Trade-Offs Large-Scale Hydropower Figur e 18- 22 Page 396

34. Tidal Power Plant www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

35. Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power Biomass Geothermal Hydrogen Sustainability

36. Rotary Windmill www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt

37. Vertical Blades

38. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

39. Energy from Wind  Production of electricity and hydrogen gas by wind farms is expected to increase  Western Europe currently leads in the development of wind power  Land used for wind farms also can be used for ranching or crops and most profits stay in local communities ßNorth Dakota

40. Optimization ßLow Torque – Rapid Speed ßgood for electrical generation ßHigh Torque – Slow Speed ßgood for pumping water ßSmall generator ßlow wind speeds ßcaptures small amount of energy ßLarge generator ßhigh wind speeds ßmay not turn at low speeds www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt

41. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

42. Source: American Wind Energy Association www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt

43. Moderate to high net energy High efficiency Moderate capital cost Low electricity cost (and falling) Very low environmental impact No CO 2 emissions Quick construction Easily expanded Land below turbines can be used to grow crops or graze livestock Steady winds needed Backup systems when needed winds are low High land use for wind farm Visual pollution Noise when located near populated areas May interfere in flights of migratory birds and kill birds of prey AdvantagesDisadvantages Trade-Offs Wind Power

44. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind PowerBiomass Geothermal Hydrogen Sustainability

45. Energy from Biomass  In the developing world, most people heat homes and cook by burning wood or charcoal  Plant materials and animal wastes also can be converted into biofuels,  Biogas  Liquid ethanol  Liquid methanol ßUrban wastes can be burned in incinerators to produce electricity and heat www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

46. Types of Biomass Fuel www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

47. Conversion Processes Biomass Feedstock – – Trees – – Forest Residues – – Grasses – – Agricultural Crops – – Agricultural Residues – – Animal Wastes – – Municipal Solid Waste Fuels: Ethanol Renewable Diesel Methanol Hydrogen Electricity Heat Products – – Plastics – – Foams – – Solvents – – Coatings – – Chemical Intermediates – – Phenolics – – Adhesives – – Fatty acids – – Acetic Acid – – Carbon black – – Paints – – Dyes, Pigments, and Ink – – Detergents – – Etc. Biorefinery - - Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation - - Enzymatic Fermentation - Gas/liquid Fermentation - Thermochemical Processes - Gasification/Pyrolysis - Combustion - Co-firing www.sc.doe.gov/bes/besac/BESACGarman08-02-01.ppt

48. Large potential supply in some areas Moderate costs No net CO 2 increase if harvested and burned sustainably Plantation can be located on semiarid land not needed for crops Plantation can help restore degraded lands Can make use of agricultural, timber, and urban wastes Nonrenewable if harvested unsustainably Moderate to high environmental impact CO 2 emissions if harvested and burned unsustainably Low photosynthetic efficiency Soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of wildlife habitat Plantations could compete with cropland Often burned in inefficient and polluting open fires and stoves AdvantagesDisadvantages Trade-Offs Solid Biomass

49. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power BiomassGeothermalHydrogen Sustainability

50. Geothermal Energy  Geothermal energy can be used to heat buildings and to produce electricity  Geothermal reservoirs can be depleted if heat is removed faster than natural processes renew it, but the potential supply is vast

51. Technology ßGeothermal Heat Pumps ßshallow ground energy ßDirect-Use ßhot water can be piped to facilities ßPower Plants ßsteam and hot water drive turbines ßdry steam plants ßflash steam plants ßbinary cycle plants www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

52. Dry Steam Power Plants ßHydrothermal fluids are primarily steam ßSteam goes directly to turbine ßNo fossil fuels www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

53. Flash Steam Power Plant ßFluids above 200 degrees Celsius ßFluid is sprayed into tank at lower pressure ßFluid rapidly vaporizes ßSteam drives turbine www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

54. Binary Cycle Power Plant ßCooler water (below 200 degrees Celsius) ßHot thermal fluid and a second fluid pass through heat exchanger www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

55. Heat Mining ßLast week the Massachusetts Institute of Technology released a study concluding that heat mining could generate enough energy by 2050 to replace the coal-fired and nuclear power plants that are likely to be retired over the next several decades. ßBoston Globe Gareth Cook, Globe Staff | January 29, 2007 @ http://www.boston.com/news/globe/health_science/articles/2007/01/29/the_power_of_rocks/ http://www.boston.com/news/globe/health_science/articles/2007/01/29/the_power_of_rocks/

64. ßAt present the DHM project and drilling activities are financed by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), the canton of the city of Basel, the water and energy public utilities of Basel (IWB), a power company (Elektra Basel Land), and a private foundation (G.H. Endress) http://www.geothermie.de/iganews/no45/the_swiss_deep_heat.htm http://www.geothermie.de/iganews/no45/the_swiss_deep_heat.htm

65. Benefits ßClean Energy ßone sixth of carbon dioxide vs. natural gas ßvery little if any nitrous oxide or sulfur compounds ßAvailability ß24 hours a day, 365 days a year ßHomegrown ßRenewable www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

66. Environmental Effects ßOnly emission is steam ßSalts and dissolved minerals reinjected ßSome sludge produced ßMineral extraction ßLittle Visual Impact ßSmall acreage, no fuel storage facilities www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

67. Location ßHot geothermal fluid ßLow mineral and gas content ßShallow aquifers ßProducing and reinjecting the fluid ßPrivate land ßSimplifies permit process ßProximity to transmission lines www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

68. www.eren.doe.gov/power/consumer/ rebasics_geothermal.html

69. Very high efficiency Moderate net energy at accessible sites Lower CO 2 emissions than fossil fuels Low cost at favorable sites Low land use Low land disturbance Moderate environmental impact Scarcity of suitable sites Depleted if used too rapidly CO 2 emissions Moderate to high local air pollution Noise and odor (H 2 S) Cost too high except at the most concentrated and accessible source AdvantagesDisadvantages Trade-Offs Geothermal Fuel

70. Future ßOnly tiny fraction is currently used ßDry hot rock heated by molten magma ßDrill into rock and circulate water www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

71. Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power Biomass Geothermal HydrogenSustainability

72. Hydrogen 18.8 ßProduced from water & organic molecules ßNonpolluting water vapor when burned ßReady by 2020-2030 ßPossible to use bacteria to process ßProblems ßChemically locked up in water & organic compounds ßTakes lots of energy (it is not a source of energy, simply fuel) ßFuel cells are expensive ßHard to store ßHow will hydrogen affect atmosphere

73. Utilization Electric utility Transportation Commercial/Residential Industrial Storage Gas and solids Transport Vehicles and pipeline Photo- conversion Electrolysis Reforming Hydrogen Production Electricity Generation Primary Energy Sources Sunlight Fossil fuels Biomass Wind

74. Can be produced from plentiful water Low environmental impact Renewable if produced From renewable energy resources No CO 2 emissions if produced from water Good substitute for oil Competitive price if environmental and social costs are included in cost comparisons Easier to store than electricity Safer than gasoline and natural gas Nontoxic High efficiency (65-95%) in fuel cells Not found in nature Energy is needed to produce fuel Negative net energy CO 2 emissions if produced from carbon-containing compounds Nonrenewable if generated by fossil fuels or nuclear power High costs (but expected to come down) Will take 25 to 50 years to phase in Short driving range for current fuel cell cars No distribution system in place Excessive H 2 leaks may deplete ozone AdvantagesDisadvantages Trade-Offs Hydrogen

75. Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power Biomass Geothermal HydrogenSustainability

76. A sustainable energy strategy ßGovt subsidies ßTax breaks ßAvoid wasted energy ßTax fossil fuels ßUse the sun ßCut pollution ß“U.S. is a first world nation with a third world grid system”

77. Nuclear energy (fission and fusion) Fossil fuels Renewable energy Energy efficiency (conservation) $15 billion $19 billion $32 billion $73 billion

78. Suggestions to make the transition to a more sustainable energy future. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

79. Drive a car that gets at least 15 kilometers per liter (35 miles per gallon) and join a carpool. Use mass transit, walking, and bicycling. Superinsulate your house and plug all air leaks. Turn off lights, TV sets, computers, and other electronic equipment when they are not in use. Wash laundry in warm or cold water. Use passive solar heating. For cooling, open windows and use ceiling fans or whole-house attic or window fans. Turn thermostats down in winter and up in summer. Buy the most energy-efficient homes, lights, cars, and appliances available. Turn down the thermostat on water heaters to 43-49ºC (110-120ºF) and insulate hot water heaters and pipes. What Can You Do? Energy Use ad Waste