1. Passive House Seminar for Professionals from the Building Sector

2. DAY 1

3. What is a Passive House?

4. Passive House Seminar for Professionals from the Building Sector
Day What is a Passive House?
Passive House Seminar for Professionals from the Building Sector
Day 1
What is a Passive House?
Design According to the Passive House Criteria
Design – Heating Systems and Energy Supply
Design – Solar Energy Utilization
Planning and Concept Development
Realization and Construction Processes
Day 2
Energy Calculations – including an introduction to PHPP
Energy Statistics, Standards and Certifications
Design – Air tightness
Design – Ventilation systems
Design – Windows
Regional and national examples of built Passive Houses
Basic educational course about Passive Houses,
organised by a local partner in the European funded PASS-NET project

5. What is a Passive House? an European construction standard
Day What is a Passive House?
What is a Passive House?
an European construction standard
with good thermal comfort during winter and summer
very good insulation levels
very good air tightness of the building
a mechanical ventilation system with highly efficient heat recovery.
The Passive House standard can be reached by combining technology, design, and material.
Source: Dr. Wolfgang Feist, Passivhaus Institut,
Passiefhuis-Platform vzv

6. International Passive House criteria
Key parameters:
Specific space heating demand
maximum 15kWh/m2 net floor area
Specific primary energy demand for space heating, cooling, domestic hot water, electricity for pumps and ventilation, and household appliances
maximum 120 kWh/m2 net floor area
Heat load
maximum 10 W/m2 net floor area
Air tightness at n50
maximum 0.6/h
Thermal comfort in winter
operative room temperatures ≥ 20 ºC
When the peak heating load is less than 10 W/m², independent of climate, the ventilation system can easily be used for space heating, and a separate heating system is no longer required.
Air tightness: The building envelope must have a pressurization test result according to EN of no more than 0.6 h-1.
Comfort criterion room temperature winter: The operative room temperatures can be kept above 20 °C in winter, using the abovementioned amount of energy.
These criteria applies for climate conditions between 40 and 60 degrees latitude in the Northern Hemisphere.

7. Energy usage in private households
"normal" household
"Passive House" household
Hot water 11.5%
Household appliances 11.5%
Lighting 1.5%
Heating 7.5%
Hot water 11.5%
Household appliances 11.5%
Lighting 1.5%
Heating 75.5%
Total savings on heating = 68%
(Heating savings only = 90%)
Source: IG Passivhaus Österreich

8. Comparison of energy demand parameters for residential buildings in kWh/m2a
The diagram shows the BOUGHT energy demand (Maria’s comment: it has to be, to get as low as is shown for passive houses. Thus, solar heated DHW is not included. )
Source: Passive House Institute Darmstadt /Germany 8

9. Costs Source: Passive House Institute www. passivehouse.com
Passive Houses aim at minimum life-cycle costs by energy conservation technologies and simple building services’ systems.
A Passive House may require larger extra investments than a typical energy-efficient building. However, extra costs of energy efficiency are difficult to be explicitly shown. The major influence on the investment comes from the management of the whole process. Investment in the project management and early design phase incurs cost savings that together with energy-efficiency cover the costs of super-insulation, high performance windows, improved air tightness etc. Typically the payback period of extra investments in Passive House technology is less than 10 years. The strategy of energy efficiency of a Passive House bases on minimizing the energy losses, before applying renewable energy sources. This is a rather clear approach for a cost-efficient and energy efficient housing.
Source: W. Feist: Cost Efficient Passive Houses in Central Europe (Kostengünstige Passivhäuser in Mitteleuropa). Brochure, Passive House Insritute, Darmstadt 1999; update
Source: Passive House Institute www. passivehouse.com

10. Renovation – potential savings
Renovation cycle 40 years
Thermal renovation (m²) (per apart 70m²)
Extra costs PH €
Heating for 1 year € 0, €
Extra costs low energy €
Heating for 1 year € 4,29 €
Heating for 1 year € 9,14 €
Renovation to Passive House standard
10 kWh/m²a
Conventional renovation to low energy standard
60 kWh/m²a
No renovation
130 kWh/m²a
Source: IG PAssivhaus Österreich

11. Additional Parameters
High level of insulation
High level of air tightness
Use of sun and passive solar gains
High heat recovery
Household equipment with low energy use
Renewable energy sources
Source:
Passive House course in the internet, provided by Passive House Institute
Source: Passive House Institute

12. Insulation Compact form High level of insulation
Opaque building elements: walls, roof, and floor - max U value 0,15 W/(m2K)
Windows and doors (glazing and frames combined) - max U value 0,8 W/(m2K)
Free from thermal bridges
Linear heat coefficient – max 0,01 W /(mK)
Obtaining a high level of insulation means that U values of the outer shell of the building are specified sufficiently low. Also the construction should be free of thermal bridges.
The heat loss through a regular construction (an external wall, a floor to the basement or a slab on ground, a ceiling or a roof) is characterised by the thermal heat loss coefficient or U-value. This value shows, how much heat (in Watts) is lost per m2 at a standard temperature difference of 1 degree Kelvin. The international unit of the U-value therefore is “W/(m²K)”. To calculate the heat loss of a wall you multiply the U-value by the area and the temperature difference.
Source:
W. Feist: Thermal-bridge-free designing (Wärmebrückenfreies Konstuieren) . PHI 1999/5. Passive House Institute, Darmstadt/Germany 1999
Working group on cost efficient Passive Houses (Arbeitskreis kostengünstige Passivhäuser) 16: Thermal-bridge-free designing (Wärmebrückenfreies Konstruieren). Passive House Institue, Darmstadt/Germany 1999/ 8.ed. 2009
Source: Passive House Institute Darmstadt,

13. Air tightness Air tight building envelope
Air leakage through the building envelope must be less than 0.6 times the house volume per hour when the house is pressurised to +/- 50 Pa by a blower door test.
A well insulated construction is not necessarily airtight, too. Air can easily pass through insulation made from coconut, mineral or glass wool. These materials have excellent insulation properties, but are not airtight.
Source: W. Feist: Fundamentals for the Design of Passive Houses (Gestaltungsgrundlagen Passivhäuser). Darmstadt 2001
Source: Passive House Institute ,

14. Solar gains Orientation Glazing Shading
The Solar Heat Gain Coefficienct "g" indicates what amount of the incident perpendicular solar radiation that passes through the glazing. Passive House windows need to have a positive energy balance in the winter, i.e. it is required for the glazing that (for Mid-European climates):
Ug (glazing U value) W/(m²K) · g   <  0
If this condition is fulfilled, then the amount of solar energy harvested by the windows is greater than their losses.
Well-designed windows provide sufficient daylight indoors and therefore reduce the energy demand for artificial lighting.
Source: Franz Freundorfer phc

15. Heat recovery Heat recovery rate over 80% controlled ventilation
fresh air is preheated using exhaust air without air recirculation
air is supplied to "clean rooms" such as living room, bedrooms, and workrooms while extracted from the "polluted rooms" such as kitchen, toilets and bathrooms
no extra investment for traditional heating systems
Ground heat exchanger
for preheating the air during cold weather periods
for reducing the need for active cooling
Ground at 2-3 m deep has an almost constant temperature, equal to the average air temperature over the year, which in Europe depending on locality means 10 – 20°C
As the ground temperature can be significantly above (in winter) or significantly below (in summer) the local outside air temperature, it provides a potential for heating or cooling a building with very little energy input
This cooling and heating potential is usually accessed by installing a sub soil heat exchanger (typically constructed in smooth-walled, rigid or semi-rigid plastic or metal pipes of 100 to 450 mm diameter) under or close to the building
The deeper the heat exchanger, the larger the active temperature difference, and the greater the cooling or heating potential. However excavation costs increase with depth and thus most heat exchangers are buried at between 1.5 and 3m.

16. Household appliances Low energy appliances Efficient lighting
Illustration: Andrew Dunn

17. Renewable energy sources
Sun
solar panels – hot water production
solar cells (PVs) – electricity production
Wind
mini wind turbines on site
connection to a decentralized wind turbine
Combined heat and power generators
running on renewable fuel such as biomass, biogas, vegetable oil etc
Heat pumps
Source: IVL

18. Regional adaptations - if necessary
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