1. Vertebrates Fishes, Amphibians, Birds, Reptiles, Mammals

2. Section 30-1 Nonvertebrate chordates Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Invertebrate ancestor Chordate Cladogram

3. Nonvertebrate Chorodate Choradate –Dorsal hollow nerve cord –Notochord –Pharyngeal pouches –Tail that extend beyond anus Nonvertebrate Chorodates –Tunicates and Lancelets

4. Section 30-1 Muscle segments Tail Anus Pharyngeal pouches Mouth Hollow nerve cord Notochord The Generalized Structure of a Chordate

5. b

6. 3 Characteristics of all Vertebrates 1.Endoskeleton. Supports larger animal size. Grows with animal (No molting!) 2.Backbone and cephalization. Well-developed brain with sensory organs. Earliest vertebrates were called ostracoderms. 3.Closed circulatory system with multi-chambered heart. 3- or 4-chambered heart allows blood to be separated into oxygenated or deoxygenated. More efficient delivery of oxygen to the body.

7. Endotherms and Ectotherms Ectotherm: Temperature is regulated by external environment. –Fish, amphibians, reptiles Endotherm: Body temperature is regulated by internal processes. –Mammals, birds

8. Section 33-2 Environmental Temperature (°C) Body Temperature (°C) Temperature Control in Chordates

9. Section 33-1 Diversity of Chordates

10. Characteristics of Fishes Agnatha (Jawless Fish) Endoskeleton: Cartilage (no jaw) Respiratory: Multiple Gill Openings Circulatory: 2 chambered heart Reproduction: External Fertilization and development Examples: Lamprey, Hagfish Chondrichthyes (Cartlagenous Fish) Endoskeleton: Cartilage Respiratory: Multiple Gill Openings Circulatory: 2 chambered heart Reproduction: External Fertilization (internal for sharks) and development Examples: Sharks, Skates, Rays

11. Section 30-2 Bulbus Arteriosus Ventricle AtriumSinus Venosus Body muscle circulation Digestive system circulation Gills Heart Brain and head circulation Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood Circulation in a Fish Oxygen-poor blood from the veins collects in the sinus venosus. Blood enters the atrium and flows to the ventricle. The ventricle pumps blood into the bulbus arteriosus. The bulbus arteriosus moves blood into the ventral aorta and toward the gills.

12. Agnatha:Chondrichthyes:

13. Osteichthyes (Bony Fish) Endoskeleton: Cartilage and Bone Respiratory: One Gill Openings Circulatory: 2 chambered heart Reproduction: External Fertilization and development Examples: Trout, Cod, Salmon

14. Characteristics of Amphibians Endoskeleton: Cartilage and Bone Respiratory: Gills, Skin, Lungs Circulatory: 3 chambered heart Reproduction: External Fertilization and development Examples: Frogs, Salamanders

15. Amphibians: Energy and Wastes A frog’s skin “breathes” – it must be kept moist. 3-Chambered Heart, Double-looped circulatory system. – What is that? Why is that a good thing? Metamorphisis: teeth/jaws, gills turn into lungs, circulatory system changes Kidneys regulate the amount of water in the frog. –In water excrete, on land retain.

16. Section 30-3 Adult Frog Young Frog Fertilized Eggs Tadpoles Adults are typically ready to breed in about one to two years. Frog eggs are laid in water and undergo external fertilization. Frog eggs are laid in water and undergo external fertilization. The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later. Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults. Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults. The Life Cycle of a Frog

19. Characteristics of Reptiles Endoskeleton: Cartilage and Bone Respiratory: Lungs Circulatory: 3 chambered heart Reproduction: Internal and External Fertilization and development Examples: Snakes, Turtles Ectotherms. –How does a reptile regulate its body temperature?

20. Rafekie

25. The Amniotic Egg (Figure 26.4) Embryo: connected to Yolk by a stalk. Yolk: food source. Amnion: fluid that protects the embryo. Chorion: regulates gas exchange. Shell: Waterproofs, protects. The shell is porous (gas can exchange through it). Allantois: stores wastes.

26. Section 31-1 Allantois Embryo Shell Amnion Chorion Yolk sac The Amniotic Egg The chorion regulates the transport of oxygen from the surface of the egg to the embryo and the transport of carbon dioxide, one product of respiration, in the opposite direction. This baglike structure contains a yolk that serves as a nutrient-rich food supply for the embryo. The amnion is a fluid-filled sac that surrounds and cushions the developing embryo. It produces a protected, watery environment. The allantois stores the waste produced by the embryo. It also serves as a respiratory organ.

27. Characteristics of Birds (Aves) The one reptilian characteristic of birds is their scale-covered legs. Endoskeleton: Cartilage and Bone Respiratory: Lungs Circulatory: 4 chambered heart Reproduction: Internal Fertilization and External development Examples: Birds

28. Section 31-2 Esophagus Crop Liver First chamber of stomach Gizzard Small intestine Cloaca Pancreas Air sac Kidney Heart Lung Brain When a bird eats, food moves down the esophagus and is stored in the crop. 1 As digestion continues, the food moves through the intestines. 4 Undigested food is excreted through the cloaca. 5 Large intestine The muscular walls of the gizzard squeeze the contents, while small stones grind the food. 3 Moistened food passes to the stomach, a two-part chamber. The first chamber secretes acid and enzymes. The partially digested food moves to the second chamber, the gizzard. The Digestive System of a Pigeon 2

30. You Eat Like A Bird… Endotherms – requires a lot of energy to maintain their high metabolism. Feathers – trap body heat. Unique respiratory system – air flows one-way. Crop  Gizzard  Intestines. –Figure 26.18.

31. Characteristics of Mammals Endoskeleton: Cartilage and Bone Respiratory: Lungs Circulatory: 4 chambered heart Reproduction: Internal Fertilization and development Examples: Humans, Whales... SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS: –Endotherms – hair. –Mammary glands – produce milk. –Large, well-developed brains.

32. Variety of Mammals Size –Smallest: shrew (weighs less than a dime) –Largest: whale (100,000 kg; 32 elephants) Speed –Slowest: Two-toed sloth (1 meter/15 seconds) –Fastest: Cheetah (400 meters/15 seconds) –Humans (150 meters/15 seconds) Environments

33. Mammals: Movement and Energy High-speed running: long bones and flexible hip and shoulder joints. Eat a variety of foods: different teeth structures. Diaphram: More gas exchange. Air sacs: increased surface area for gas exchange.

34. Section 32-1 CARNIVOREHERBIVORE Molars crush and grind food. The ridged shape of the wolf’s molars and premolars allows them to interlock during chewing, like the blades of scissors. The broad, flattened molars and premolars of horses are adapted for grinding tough plants. Chisel-like incisors are used for cutting, gnawing, and grooming. Canines are pointed teeth. Carnivores use them for piercing, gripping, and tearing. In herbivores, they are reduced or absent. Jaw joint Wolf Horse The Jaws and Teeth of Mammals

35. Mammals: Types of Life Cycles Monotremes: Reproduce by laying eggs (duck-billed playtpus).- Marsupials: Give birth to small, immature young that then further develop inside the mother’s external pouch (kangaroo). Placental mammals: Babies develop inside the mother’s body (95% of all mammals).

36. The Placenta Section 39-4

37. The Success of Mammals Well-developed cerebrum: The largest part of the brain; makes processing information and learning possible. Care of the Young: Development inside the mother; care of the young for the first year(s) of their life.

38. Section 33-3 Double-Loop Circulatory SystemSingle-Loop Circulatory System FISHESMOST REPTILESCROCODILIANS, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS The Circulatory Systems of Vertebrates

39. Section 33-3 Esophagus Stomach Intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Cloaca Crop Gizzard Cecum Rectum SharkSalamanderLizardPigeonCow The Digestive Systems of Vertebrates