1. The Deuterostomes
Chapter 31
Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

2. Outline Echinoderms Chordates Invertebrates Vertebrates Fishes
Amphibians
Retiles
Birds
Mammals
Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

3. Echinoderms have an exoskeleton of spine-bearing, calcium-rich plates.
Phylum Echinodermata
Echinoderms have an exoskeleton of spine-bearing, calcium-rich plates.
Class Crinoidea - Sea lilies.
Class Holothuroidea - Sea cucumbers.
Class Ophiuroidea - Brittle stars.
Class Asteroidea - Sea stars.
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4. Each arm has a groove lined by tube feet. Feeding structure.
Sea Stars
Each arm has a groove lined by tube feet.
Feeding structure.
Stomach secretes enzymes.
In each arm, coelom contains a pair of digestive glands and gonads.
Locomotion depends on water vascular system.
Simple circulatory system.
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5. Echinoderms
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6. Four Main Characteristics Notochord Nerve Cord Pharyngeal Pouches Tail
Chordates
Phylum Chordata
Four Main Characteristics
Notochord
Nerve Cord
Pharyngeal Pouches
Tail
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7. Invertebrate Chordates
Notochord persists and is never replaced by a vertebral column.
Lancets (Subphylum Cephalochordata)
Sea Squirts (Subphylum Urochordata)
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8. Invertebrate Chordates
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9. Vertebrate skeleton is living tissue that grows with the animal.
Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrate skeleton is living tissue that grows with the animal.
Main axis of internal jointed skeleton consists of vertebral columns and a skull that encloses the brain.
Cephalization is accompanied by sense organs.
Evolution of jaws and predation.
Amnion allows reproduction on land.
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10. Living endoskeleton with vertebral column. Closed circulatory system.
Vertebrate Features
Living endoskeleton with vertebral column.
Closed circulatory system.
Paired appendages.
Efficient respiration and excretion.
High degree of cephalization.
Adapted to active lifestyles.
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11. Jawless fishes (Superclass Agnatha)
Fishes are aquatic, gill-breathing vertebrates that usually have fins and scale-covered skin.
Jawless fishes (Superclass Agnatha)
Ostracoderms - earliest vertebrate fossils.
Lampreys and hagfishes are modern-day jawless fishes that lack a bony skeleton.
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12. Jawless Fishes
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13. Gnathostomates have jaws.
Fishes With Jaws
Gnathostomates have jaws.
Believed to have evolved from first pair of gill arches of agnathans.
Placoderms, extinct jawed fishes of Devonian period, are believed to be ancestral to early sharks and bony fish.
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14. Class Chondrichthyes have a skeleton of cartilage instead of bone.
Cartilaginous Fishes
Class Chondrichthyes have a skeleton of cartilage instead of bone.
Cartilaginous Fishes
Sharks, rays, skates
Lack gill cover of bony fish.
Utilize lateral line system.
Filter feeders and predators.
Pectoral fins can be enlarged into large, winglike fins.
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15. Cartilaginous Fishes
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16. Class Osteichthyes have a skeleton of bone.
Bony Fishes
Class Osteichthyes have a skeleton of bone.
Most are ray-finned fishes.
Lobe-finned fishes are small subgroup with fleshy fins supported by central bones.
Bony fish have a gas-filled sac (swim bladder) whose pressure can be altered to change buoyancy.
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17. Ray-Finned Fishes
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18. Tetrapods (Have four limbs) Hypotheses of evolution.
Amphibians
Tetrapods (Have four limbs)
Hypotheses of evolution.
Lobe-finned fishes had an evolutionary advantage due to movement capability.
Supply of food on land and the absence of predators promoted further adaptations.
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19. Lobe-Finned Fish Versus Amphibians
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20. Diversity of Amphibians
Amphibians today occur in three groups:
Salamanders and newts
Salamanders practice internal fertilization.
Frogs and toads
Tailless
Caecilians
Legless, sightless, worm-shaped
Most return to water for reproduction.
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21. Amphibians
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22. Lungs usually present in adults. Metamorphosis Smooth and moist skin.
Amphibian Features
Usually tetrapods.
Lungs usually present in adults.
Metamorphosis
Smooth and moist skin.
Three-chambered heart.
Ectothermic
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23. Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
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24. Reptiles
Class Reptilia is believed to have evolved from amphibian ancestors by the Permian period.
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25. Phylogenetic Tree
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26. Reptiles
Practice internal fertilization and lay eggs protected by a leathery shell (amniotic egg).
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27. Anatomy and Physiology of Reptiles
Reptiles have a thick, scaly skin that is keratinized and impermeable to water.
Usually tetrapods.
Lungs with expandable rib cage.
Shelled amniotic egg.
Dry, scaly skin.
Ectothermic
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28. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

29. Characteristics of Class Aves Feathers Hard-shelled amniotic egg.
Birds
Characteristics of Class Aves
Feathers
Hard-shelled amniotic egg.
Four-chambered heart.
Often winged
Air sacs
Endothermic
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30. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

31. Bird Beaks
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32. Class Mammalia evolved during the Mesozoic era from therapsids.
Mammals
Class Mammalia evolved during the Mesozoic era from therapsids.
Mammalian skull accommodates a larger brain relative to body size.
Chief characteristics and hair and milk-producing mammary glands.
Infant Dependency
Internal Development
Differentiated Teeth
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33. Monotremes - Hard-shelled amniotic eggs.
Mammals
Monotremes - Hard-shelled amniotic eggs.
Marsupials - Females contain pouch.
Placentals - Females have organ for exchange of maternal and placental blood.
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34. Major Orders of Mammals
Perissodactyla
Horses
Artiodactyla
Deer
Carnivora
Cats
Primates
Monkeys
Cetacea
Whales
Chiroptera
Bats
Rodentia
Mice
Proboscidea
Elephants
Lagomorpha
Rabbits
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35. Review Echinoderms Chordates Invertebrates Vertebrates Fishes
Amphibians
Retiles
Birds
Mammals
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36. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.