1. Software 3.1 System Software: The Power behind the Power 3.2 The Operating System: What It Does 3.3 Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities 3.4 Common Features of the User Interface 3.5 Common Operating Systems 3.6 Application Software 3.7 Word Processing 3.8 Spreadsheets 3.9 Database Software 3.10 Specialty Software Chapter3

2. 2 Study Guide  Components of system software: What are the four components of system software? (pg 119)  Booting: Briefly describe the stages of booting. What is the difference between a warm and a cold boot? (pp 120-121)  Kernel: What does the kernel do? (pg 121)  Formatting: What happens when a disk is formatted? How does formatting affect data already stored on the disk to be formatted?  Security management: What types of permissions are associated with access to files? (pg 124)  Utility programs (compression, antivirus SW, backup, disk cleanup, data recovery, defragmentation): What does each utility do? What is the main advantage of defragmentation? (Practical Action box on pp 125-126)  GUI & command-driven operating systems: Give an example of each. How are GUI-based operating systems better than command-driven ones? (pg 130)  Hardware & software platforms (pg 135)  Common operating systems (only these: Mac OS, Windows, UNIX, LINUX) (pp 136-142)  Copyright: What is the purpose of a software copyright?  Types of software with respect to terms of use: commercial SW, freeware, shareware, public domain SW, abandonware, and custom SW. What are the differences between these? Are they all copyrighted? Are there any special copyright considerations for custom SW and abandonware? (pp 145-147)  Software licenses: What are the different types of software licenses? How do they differ from each other? (pp 145-146)  Software versions and releases: What is the difference between a software version and a release? (pg 146)

3. 3 Software  Application Software  System Software

4. 4 System Software: The Power behind the Power  Application Software Software developed to solve a particular problem for users  Either performs useful work on a specific task  Or provides entertainment We interact mainly with this software  System Software Enables application software to interact with the computer Helps the computer to manage its own internal and external resources

5. 5 System Software: The Power behind the Power  System Software has 3 basic components Operating System (OS)  The principal component of system software  Low-level, master system of programs to manage basic computer operations  Some hardware requires specific Operating Systems Macintosh computers run Macintosh OS PCs run Microsoft Windows, Linux, or BSD Unix IBM Mainframes run MVS or VM Cray supercomputers run COS or UNICOS Device Drivers  Help the computer control peripheral devices Utility Programs  Used to support, enhance, or expand existing programs in the computer

6. 6 The Operating System: What It Does  Booting The process of loading an OS into the computer’s main memory The steps are (Cold booting): 1.Turn the computer on 2.Diagnostic routines test main memory, CPU, and other hardware 3.Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) programs are copied to main memory BIOS contains instructions for operating the hardware The computer needs those instructions to operate the hardware and find a copy of the OS 4.Boot program obtains the OS and loads it into computer’s main memory Warm Booting

7. 7 The Operating System: What It Does

8. 8  Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management Kernel is the supervising software that manages CPU  Kernel must remain in memory while the computer runs  If another program uses the kernel’s memory when the kernel needs it, the computer will crash Memory Management  OS keeps track of memory locations to prevent programs and data from overlapping each other  Swaps portions of programs and data into the same memory but at different times  Keeps track of virtual memory Queues, Buffers, Spooling

9. 9 The Operating System: What It Does  Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management (continued) Queues, Buffers, Spooling  Queue: First-in, First-out (FIFO) sequence of data or programs that waits in line for its turn to be processed  Buffer: The place where the data or programs sit while they are waiting  To Spool: The act of placing a print job into a buffer Needed because the CPU is faster than printers The CPU can work on other tasks while the print jobs wait

10. 10 The Operating System: What It Does  File Management A file is either a  Data File: a named collection of data  Program File: a program that exists in a computer’s secondary storage The File System arranges files in a hierarchical manner  Top level is Directories (aka Folders)  Subdirectories come below Folders Disk formatting is the process of preparing a hard disk or other storage medium for use, including setting up an empty file system Disk formattinghard diskstorage mediumfile system

11. 11 The Operating System: What It Does  Task Management Required for computers that accommodate multiple users Required for computers that allow multiple simultaneous applications Methods of processing two or more programs  Multitasking By one user on one processor  Multiprogramming By multiple users concurrently on one processor  Time-sharing By multiple users in round-robin fashion on one processor  Multiprocessing By one or more users simultaneously on two or more processors

12. 12 The Operating System: What It Does  Security Management Operating Systems permit users to control access to their computers Users gain access using an ID and password You set the password the first time you boot up a new computer System Administrators can set up new accounts and assign new passwords

13. 13 Study Guide  Components of system software: What are the four components of system software? (pg 119)  Booting: Briefly describe the stages of booting. What is the difference between a warm and a cold boot? (pp 120-121)  Kernel: What does the kernel do? (pg 121)  Formatting: What happens when a disk is formatted? How does formatting affect data already stored on the disk to be formatted? (refer to slides + notes)  Security management: What types of permissions are associated with access to files? (pg 124)  Utility programs (compression, antivirus SW, backup, disk cleanup, data recovery, defragmentation): What does each utility do? What is the main advantage of defragmentation? (Practical Action box on pp 125-126)  GUI & command-driven operating systems: Give an example of each. How are GUI-based operating systems better than command-driven ones? (pg 130)  Hardware & software platforms (pg 135)  Common operating systems (only these: Mac OS, Windows, UNIX, LINUX) (pp 136-142)  Copyright: What is the purpose of a software copyright?  Types of software with respect to terms of use: commercial SW, freeware, shareware, public domain SW, abandonware, and custom SW. What are the differences between these? Are they all copyrighted? Are there any special copyright considerations for custom SW and abandonware? (pp 145-147)  Software licenses: What are the different types of software licenses? How do they differ from each other? (pp 145-146)  Software versions and releases: What is the difference between a software version and a release? (pg 146)

14. 14 Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities  Device Drivers Specialized software programs that allow input and output devices to communicate with the rest of the OS When you get a brand-new printer or monitor, you may also need to install the device driver for it Device drivers come with new hardware, or download from the manufacturer’s website, or sites like www.driverguide.com or www.windrivers.comwww.driverguide.com www.windrivers.com  Utilities Service programs that perform tasks related to the control and allocation of computer resources Some come with the OS, others can be bought separately like  Norton SystemWorks, McAfee Utilities

15. 15 Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities  Practical Utility programs perform the following tasks Virus protection Data compression File defragmentation Disk scanner & disk cleanup Backup Data recovery Discussion Question: How many of you have lost important files such as a term paper? Didn’t you wish you had made a backup copy? ALL data media are subject to possible failure and data loss!

16. 16 Study Guide  Components of system software: What are the four components of system software? (pg 119)  Booting: Briefly describe the stages of booting. What is the difference between a warm and a cold boot? (pp 120-121)  Kernel: What does the kernel do? (pg 121)  Formatting: What happens when a disk is formatted? How does formatting affect data already stored on the disk to be formatted? (refer to slides + notes)  Security management: What types of permissions are associated with access to files? (pg 124)  Utility programs (compression, antivirus SW, backup, disk cleanup, data recovery, defragmentation): What does each utility do? What is the main advantage of defragmentation? (Practical Action box on pp 125-126)  GUI & command-driven operating systems: Give an example of each. How are GUI-based operating systems better than command-driven ones? (pg 130)  Hardware & software platforms (pg 135)  Common operating systems (only these: Mac OS, Windows, UNIX, LINUX) (pp 136-142)  Copyright: What is the purpose of a software copyright?  Types of software with respect to terms of use: commercial SW, freeware, shareware, public domain SW, abandonware, and custom SW. What are the differences between these? Are they all copyrighted? Are there any special copyright considerations for custom SW and abandonware? (pp 145-147)  Software licenses: What are the different types of software licenses? How do they differ from each other? (pp 145-146)  Software versions and releases: What is the difference between a software version and a release? (pg 146)

17. 17 Common Features of the User Interface  User Interface The user-controllable display screen you use to interact with the computer  Keyboard and Mouse User input devices that you use to interact with the display screen Both devices have special-purpose keys  Keyboard Special-purpose keys: Esc, Ctrl, Alt, Del, Ins, Home, End, PgUp, PgDn, Num Lock  Mouse special-purpose keys: left-click, right-click, and (on some mice) scroll wheel or center click

18. 18 Common Features of the User Interface  Graphical User Interface (GUI) Allows you to use a mouse or keystrokes to select icons and commands from menus Replaces command-driven interfaces used in earlier programs Three main features are: desktop, icons, and menus  Desktop: The system’s main interface screen  Icon: Small pictorial figure that represents a program, data file, or procedure Rollover: A small text box that explains the icon when you roll your mouse over it  Menus: A list of built-in commands and/or options from which to choose

19. 19 Study Guide  Components of system software: What are the four components of system software? (pg 119)  Booting: Briefly describe the stages of booting. What is the difference between a warm and a cold boot? (pp 120-121)  Kernel: What does the kernel do? (pg 121)  Formatting: What happens when a disk is formatted? How does formatting affect data already stored on the disk to be formatted?  Security management: What types of permissions are associated with access to files? (pg 124)  Utility programs (compression, antivirus SW, backup, disk cleanup, data recovery, defragmentation): What does each utility do? What is the main advantage of defragmentation? (Practical Action box on pp 125-126)  GUI & command-driven operating systems: Give an example of each. How are GUI-based operating systems better than command-driven ones? (pg 130)  Hardware & software platforms (pg 135)  Common operating systems (only these: Mac OS, Windows, UNIX, LINUX) (pp 136-142)  Copyright: What is the purpose of a software copyright?  Types of software with respect to terms of use: commercial SW, freeware, shareware, public domain SW, abandonware, and custom SW. What are the differences between these? Are they all copyrighted? Are there any special copyright considerations for custom SW and abandonware? (pp 145-147)  Software licenses: What are the different types of software licenses? How do they differ from each other? (pp 145-146)  Software versions and releases: What is the difference between a software version and a release? (pg 146)

20. 20 Common Operating Systems  Platform The particular processor model and operating system on which a computer system is based  Operating Systems are platform-specific  PC (Wintel) platforms Dell, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, IBM PCs Originally ran Disk Operating System (DOS) Currently run Linux, Unix, Windows  Apple (Macintosh) platforms Run Mac OS (System 9 was proprietary, OS X is Unix-based)

21. 21 Common Operating Systems  Mac OS The OS that runs on Apple Macintosh computers Pioneered the easy-to-use GUI Proprietary OS  System 9 is OS from 1999, but still popular  Mac OS X is based on BSD Unix kernel  Tiger is 2005 release of Mac OS X; features include Spotlight – a desktop search engine for locating files on local hard disk Dashboard – for creating desktop “widgets” Automator – automatically helps users to script repetitive tasks

22. 22 Study Guide  Components of system software: What are the four components of system software? (pg 119)  Booting: Briefly describe the stages of booting. What is the difference between a warm and a cold boot? (pp 120-121)  Kernel: What does the kernel do? (pg 121)  Formatting: What happens when a disk is formatted? How does formatting affect data already stored on the disk to be formatted? (refer to slides + notes)  Security management: What types of permissions are associated with access to files? (pg 124)  Utility programs (compression, antivirus SW, backup, disk cleanup, data recovery, defragmentation): What does each utility do? What is the main advantage of defragmentation? (Practical Action box on pp 125-126)  GUI & command-driven operating systems: Give an example of each. How are GUI-based operating systems better than command-driven ones? (pg 130)  Hardware & software platforms (pg 135)  Common operating systems (only these: Mac OS, Windows, UNIX, LINUX) (pp 136-142)  Copyright: What is the purpose of a software copyright?  Types of software with respect to terms of use: commercial SW, freeware, shareware, public domain SW, abandonware, and custom SW. What are the differences between these? Are they all copyrighted? Are there any special copyright considerations for custom SW and abandonware? (pp 145-147)  Software licenses: What are the different types of software licenses? How do they differ from each other? (pp 145-146)  Software versions and releases: What is the difference between a software version and a release? (pg 146)

23. 23 Common Operating Systems  Unix, Solaris, BSD Developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1969 as minicomputer operating system Is a multitasking operating system with multiple users that has built-in networking capability and a version for every platform Unix interface  GUI – An optional shell program that starts after the kernel  Command interface – starts when kernel loads

24. 24 Common Operating Systems  Linux A flavor (version) of Unix A free, nonproprietary version of UNIX  May legally be downloaded and used for free  May legally be modified for free, as long as modifications aren’t copyrighted  In 2000, adopted by China as national standard OS Linux vendors produce Linux Distributions  Software is distributed for free  Support services are sold for a profit Many PCs are set up to dual-boot Linux and Windows Many PCs

25. 25 Common Operating Systems

26. 26 Common Operating Systems  Operating Systems for Handhelds Palm OS  Dominant handheld OS  Proprietary OS requires proprietary software Windows CE  Has familiar Windows look and feel  Can be directly programmed using Visual Basic 2005 Symbian OS  Symbian is world’s largest producer of smartphone software  Software is open-source

27. 27 Study Guide  Components of system software: What are the four components of system software? (pg 119)  Booting: Briefly describe the stages of booting. What is the difference between a warm and a cold boot? (pp 120-121)  Kernel: What does the kernel do? (pg 121)  Formatting: What happens when a disk is formatted? How does formatting affect data already stored on the disk to be formatted? (refer to slides + notes)  Security management: What types of permissions are associated with access to files? (pg 124)  Utility programs (compression, antivirus SW, backup, disk cleanup, data recovery, defragmentation): What does each utility do? What is the main advantage of defragmentation? (Practical Action box on pp 125-126)  GUI & command-driven operating systems: Give an example of each. How are GUI-based operating systems better than command-driven ones? (pg 130)  Hardware & software platforms (pg 135)  Common operating systems (only these: Mac OS, Windows, UNIX, LINUX) (pp 136-142)  Copyright: What is the purpose of a software copyright?  Types of software with respect to terms of use: commercial SW, freeware, shareware, public domain SW, abandonware, and custom SW. What are the differences between these? Are they all copyrighted? Are there any special copyright considerations for custom SW and abandonware? (pp 145-147)  Software licenses: What are the different types of software licenses? How do they differ from each other? (pp 145-146)  Software versions and releases: What is the difference between a software version and a release? (pg 146)

28. 28 Application Software  There are 5 ways to legally obtain software 1.Commercial Software  Copyrighted – license must be purchased 2.Public-domain software  Not copyrighted – legal to copy 3.Shareware  Copyrighted – download for free, then pay if you use it 4.Freeware  Copyrighted – but available for free. Pay on honor system 5.Rentalware  Copyrighted – lease for a fee

29. 29 Application Software  Software License Types Site licenses  Allow software to be used on all computers at a specific location Concurrent-user license  Allows a specified number of copies to be used at one time  May require additional license-monitoring software Multiple-user license  Specifies the number of people who may use the software Single-use license  Limits the software to one user at a time  Version (1.0, 2.0, 2003, 2007, etc.) A major upgrade in a software product

30. 30 Application Software  Other software categories Pirated software  Software obtained illegally in violation of copyright  Software & Industry Information Association Anti-Piracy division prosecutes violators of software copyright laws http://www.siia.net/piracy/ http://www.siia.net/piracy/  Don’t pirate software!!! Abandonware  Software that is no longer being sold or supported by its publisher  Subject to copyright for 95 years from date of publication

31. 31 Study Guide  Components of system software: What are the four components of system software? (pg 119)  Booting: Briefly describe the stages of booting. What is the difference between a warm and a cold boot? (pp 120-121)  Kernel: What does the kernel do? (pg 121)  Formatting: What happens when a disk is formatted? How does formatting affect data already stored on the disk to be formatted?  Security management: What types of permissions are associated with access to files? (pg 124)  Utility programs (compression, antivirus SW, backup, disk cleanup, data recovery, defragmentation): What does each utility do? What is the main advantage of defragmentation? (Practical Action box on pp 125-126)  GUI & command-driven operating systems: Give an example of each. How are GUI-based operating systems better than command-driven ones? (pg 130)  Hardware & software platforms (pg 135)  Common operating systems (only these: Mac OS, Windows, UNIX, LINUX) (pp 136-142)  Copyright: What is the purpose of a software copyright?  Types of software with respect to terms of use: commercial SW, freeware, shareware, public domain SW, abandonware, and custom SW. What are the differences between these? Are they all copyrighted? Are there any special copyright considerations for custom SW and abandonware? (pp 145-147)  Software licenses: What are the different types of software licenses? How do they differ from each other? (pp 145-146)  Software versions and releases: What is the difference between a software version and a release? (pg 146)

32. 32 Application Software  Importing files Getting data from another source and converting it into a format for the application you are using Allows you to edit files from other applications  Exporting files Transforming data into a format that can be used by a different application, then transmitting it Common export files end in the.rtf extension

33. 33 Application Software