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3. Intro 1

4. Section 1-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

5. Section 1-5 The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which went into effect January 1, 1994, provides for the elimination of many trade restrictions among the three countries of North America by 2009. Goods such as cars and clothing, if produced in North America, will no longer be subject to import tariffs, nor will farm products crossing national borders. Mexico is emerging with a stronger economy as a result of its expanding trade.

6. Section 1-6 Agriculture These highly mechanized commercial operations produce high yields in return for low labor costs. Latifundia and Minifundia Large agricultural estates owned by wealthy families or corporations are called latifundia.  (pages 237–238) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

7. Section 1-7 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. (pages 237–238) Agriculture (cont.)

8. Section 1-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Agriculture (cont.) Campesinos have begun combining their farms into large, jointly run cooperatives. Small government-owned farms on which rural farmers grow crops for their families are called minifundia.  (pages 237–238)

9. Section 1-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil raise cattle for export on large ranches in grasslands areas.  Countries are at economic risk, however, if weather or other disasters destroy their cash crops. Cash Crops and Livestock Latin American countries are the world’s largest producers of coffee, bananas, and sugarcane for export.  (pages 237–238) Agriculture (cont.)

10. Section 1-10 What are the advantages of the latifundia system? What are the advantages of the minifundia system? Possible answers: Large commercial farms are probably more efficient and profitable. Workers on large farms probably have more guarantees of employment. Small farms mean independence for farmers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 237–238) Agriculture (cont.)

11. Industrial Growth Latin America’s physical geography–high mountain ranges and dense rain forests–has made the growth of industry and access to natural resources difficult in many areas.  Section 1-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Industry Political instability in some Latin American countries has made foreign investors wary of investing in Latin American industry. (pages 238–240)

12. Section 1-12 Countries with relatively stable governments and sufficient human and natural resources have begun to overcome these obstacles. Industry (cont.) (pages 238–240)

13. Maquiladoras Foreign-owned factories called maquiladoras–most of which are built along the U.S.-Mexico border– provide jobs to people in the host country.  Section 1-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. They also benefit the foreign corporations by allowing them to hire low-cost labor and provide duty-free exports.  On the other hand, the maquiladoras also keep wages down, may encourage dangerous jobs, and often pollute the environment. (pages 238–240) Industry (cont.)

14. Section 1-14 What is the connection between political instability and foreign investment in Latin America? Possible answers: Political turmoil can lead to strikes, demonstrations, civil wars, terrorism, and street fighting. None of these provide a good environment for business. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 238–240) Industry (cont.)

15. NAFTA By encouraging trade among the United States, Mexico, and Canada, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has strengthened Mexico’s economy.  Section 1-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Trade and Interdependence Other Latin American countries are watching to see whether a free trade agreement like NAFTA could help their economies as well. (page 240)

16. Section 1-16 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Trade and Interdependence (cont.) (page 240)

17. Section 1-17 The economic troubles of the 1980s caused many of these countries to restructure their loans to allow more time to repay, but at a higher total cost.  Repayment of foreign debt, in turn, caused needed domestic programs to be halted in some countries for lack of funds. Foreign Debts Many Latin American countries have used loans from foreign countries to finance industrial development.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Trade and Interdependence (cont.) (page 240)

18. Section 1-18 What are some advantages and disadvantages to NAFTA? Possible answers: There are advantages to the host country of increased employment and general economic prosperity. Disadvantages include pollution to the host country and encouragement of low-cost jobs that are sometimes dangerous. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Trade and Interdependence (cont.) (page 240)

19. Section 1-19 Transportation Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A trans-Andean highway runs through the Andes and links cities in Chile and Argentina. Latin America’s physical geography has limited the building of roads, but the region does have a major highway system, the Pan-American Highway.  (pages 240–241)

20. Section 1-20 As a result, inland waterways such as the Amazon River, the Paraná-Paraguay Rivers, and the Panama Canal are still major transport routes for both passengers and cargo.  Air travel will help overcome the obstacles of Latin America’s physical geography, but it remains a relatively expensive mode of transportation for most Latin Americans. Some Latin American countries have good railroads; other countries lack the funds to maintain their rail systems.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Transportation (cont.) (pages 240–241)

21. Section 1-21 How has the geography of Latin America affected its transportation systems? Possible answers: Transportation in the region is limited because of rugged terrain in many countries. Waterways have played an important role in transportation. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Transportation (cont.) (pages 240–241)

22. Section 1-22 Communications Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Newspapers, radio, and television may be censored during political unrest.  Few Latin Americans own phones or computers, although some countries are beginning to provide public access to the Internet. Communications networks are still developing in many countries of Latin America.  (page 241)

23. Section 1-23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Why do you think most people in Latin America do not have telephones or computers in their homes? Possible answers: Countries may not have the money to extend telephone wires–necessary for both Internet access and telephones–into remote rural areas. People may not be able to afford personal computers. Communications (cont.) (page 241)

24. End of Section 1

25. Section 2-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

26. Section 2-5 Because of industrial development, the border between Mexico and the United States has many environmental challenges. About 12 million gallons (45,424,800 l) of raw sewage flow daily into the Tijuana River, which then empties into the Pacific Ocean. Other rivers carry toxic industrial pollution into the United States. Some stretches of the Rio Grande, for example, are so polluted that the water is not safe to touch.

27. Section 2-6 Managing Rain Forests More than 13 percent of the Amazon rain forest has been destroyed for roads, settlements, and mining.  Deforestation threatens the lifestyles of indigenous people and risks the extinction of many species of plants and animals that grow or live nowhere else. Latin American rain forests are gradually disappearing.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 242–244)

28. Section 2-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Managing Rain Forests (cont.) Brazil and other rain forest countries are working to provide for the needs of their populations–living space and natural resources–without further destroying the rain forest. (pages 242–244) As the rain forest is depleted, there are fewer trees to absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that is increasingly trapping more heat in the atmosphere and contributing to global warming. 

29. Farms and Ranches Versus Forests Slash-and-burn farming–clearing land by cutting and burning vegetation– results in depleted soil that can be used for only a year or two.  Section 2-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Farmers and ranchers then move on and clear more land. Managing Rain Forests (cont.) (pages 242–244)

30. Section 2-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Brazil has set aside about 10 percent of its Amazon rain forest for national forests or parks in which logging is banned.  Citizens in Costa Rica are working to conserve their forests, as well.  Reforestation, along with new farming, mining, and logging methods can protect the forests. Planting for the Future Commercial logging operations also destroy the rain forest.  Managing Rain Forests (cont.) (pages 242–244)

31. Section 2-10 Make one suggestion for preserving the rain forest while allowing the people to make a living. Possible answers: Encourage shade farming for crops like coffee, so that fewer trees would be cut down. Have people replant areas that have been devastated. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Managing Rain Forests (cont.) (pages 242–244)

32. Section 2-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Urban Environments Some are forced to live in makeshift slums and shantytowns, where diseases spread rapidly because of the lack of sanitation systems or running water.  Many countries have no clean air laws, making air pollution a serious problem for people in these cities. Overcrowded Cities As Latin America’s rural workers migrate to cities, they often cannot find adequate housing or jobs.  (pages 244–245)

33. Section 2-12 Urban Environments (cont.) (pages 244–245) Building a Better Life National and local governments, international agencies, and grassroots efforts have begun to help Latin American countries address the problems of their overcrowded cities.

34. Section 2-13 What might an overpopulated city, such as Mexico City, do to combat the problem of housing? Possible answers: The national government could budget money for housing. The city government could start a program to turn abandoned buildings into housing for the working poor. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Urban Environments (cont.) (pages 244–245)

35. Section 2-14 Regional and International Issues Disputed Borders In Latin America many territorial disputes have occurred, usually over the rights to natural resources. (pages 245–247)

36. Section 2-15 Population Growth and Migration High birthrates that contribute to overpopulation in some Latin American countries have begun to slow down.  (pages 245–247) Regional and International Issues (cont.) However, many skilled workers who might otherwise remain in their home countries and help address many problems are emigrating from Latin America. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

37. Disaster Preparedness Physical geography makes Latin America especially vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and hurricanes.  Section 2-16 Governments in the region are cooperating to help Latin Americans prepare for and anticipate emergencies rather than reacting after the fact. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 245–247) Regional and International Issues (cont.)

38. Section 2-17 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. (pages 245–247) Regional and International Issues (cont.)

39. Section 2-18 Air and water pollution have increased.  Chemical runoff is now crossing borders and threatening neighbor countries. Industrial Pollution Environmental laws have not kept up with the growth of industry and commercial farms.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 245–247) Regional and International Issues (cont.)

40. Section 2-19 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. (pages 245–247) Regional and International Issues (cont.)

41. Section 2-20 What might Latin American countries do to encourage skilled, educated people not to emigrate? Possible answers: Attract foreign investment to provide employment for them. Offer them government grants. Hire them to set up businesses or government programs that will benefit the country and make good use of their skills and education. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 245–247) Regional and International Issues (cont.)

42. End of Section 2

43. GeoFact 1 Environmentalists express concern over the possible effects of unregulated industrial growth brought about by NAFTA. The monarch butterfly, which migrates annually between Canada and Mexico, is serving as a monitor of environmental changes. Scientists keep track of the monarch butterfly to determine NAFTA’s effects on the environment.

44. Interdisciplinary Connection 2 Health The Brazil nut tree has the potential to treat or prevent health ailments. In the Amazon rain forest, indigenous people use the oil from this nut, which is rich in vitamin E and selenium, to treat skin conditions. Antioxidants may also help slow the progression of eye cataracts. Researchers are also studying the Brazil nut as possible treatments for Alzheimer’s disease.

45. FYI 1 HondurasHonduras Many Hondurans communicate by placing messages on the radio. They do so because only major cities in Honduras have telephones, while most towns have only one public telephone and a telegraph office.

46. Honduras BananasMachinery Language:Spanish Population:6,700,000 155 per square mi. 60 per square km Landmass:43,278 square mi. 112,090 square km Currency:Lempira Government:Republic Major Export Major Import

47. Maps and Charts 2

48. Maps and Charts 3

49. Political Map Transparency

50. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

51. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

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