1. MACROMOLECULES
PROTEINS

2. Wednesday, November 5th, 2014
Objective: BIO.A.2.2.3: Compare and contrast the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in organisms.
Objective: To describe the function of proteins inside living things
Warmup:
1.) When a group of cells work together, such as in bones, muscles or
nerves, they are known as
a. An organism c. A tissue
b. An organ d. An organelle
2.) Sugars such as glucose, fructose and ribose are examples of .
a. Nucleic acids c. Lipids
b. Carbohydrates d. proteins

3. Thursday, November 6th, 2014
Objective: BIO.A.2.2.3: Compare and contrast the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in organisms.
Objective: To describe the function of proteins inside living things
Warmup:
1.) Polymers are formed from monomers with the removal of what molecule?
a. ADP b. Water c. Ethane d. Nitrogen
2.) A is a kind of lipid that can store energy for a long period of time. These lipids are made of long chains of carbon and oxygen atoms bonded to a backbone structure.
a. Protein b. Fat c. Carbohydrate d. Nucleic acid

4. I. Background
Composed of chains of amino acids (aa) (20 different kinds) bonded together by peptide bonds.
Chains of amino acids are called peptides

5. I. Background Contain the element nitrogen in addition to C, H and O.
Functions:
Storage of energy : Ex. Albumin (egg white)
Transport: Ex. Hemoglobin
Regulation: Ex. Hormones (insulin)
Movement: Ex. Muscles
Structure: Ex. Hair, nails, membranes
Act as enzymes: Ex. Catalase, amylase

6. II. Structure (Form) Determines Function
The structure of a protein determines what it does.
Each arrangement of aa forms a different peptide which is folded into a unique protein.
Four levels of globular protein structure:
Primary structure: Peptide bonds form between aa creating chains

7. II. Structure (Form) Determines Function
Four levels of globular protein structure:
Secondary structure: 3-D folded arrangement of primary structure into coil and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds

8. II. Structure (Form) Determines Function
Four levels of globular protein structure:
Tertiary structure: Secondary structures bend and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of joined peptide chains.

9. II. Structure (Form) Determines Function
Four levels of globular protein structure:
Quaternary structure: Composed of multiple structures. This determines its function.
Structure Review:

10. II. Structure (Form) Determines Function
Globular Protein Examples:
Albumin
Hemoglobin

11. III. Non Functional Proteins
Denaturation – process when a protein changes its shape and cannot perform its function
Caused by: change in heat and change in pH

12. IV. Analyzing Data At which temperature does this enzyme work best?
At which temperature does this enzyme stop working?
~63°C

13. It denatured (changed its shape) so it
IV. Analyzing Data
Why did the enzyme stop working at 63°C?
It denatured (changed its shape) so it
can no longer work.

14. IV. Analyzing Data
In order for cells to function properly, the enzymes/proteins they contain must also function properly. What can be inferred using the above information?
A) Cells function best at high pH levels.
B) Cells do not function well at pH levels that are too
high or too low.
C) Cells can function equally well at all pH levels.
D) Cells function best at low pH levels.

15. Check Your Understanding
Cellular processes are carried out many different types of molecules, mostly proteins. The function of each protein molecule depends on its shape which, in turn, is determined by the protein’s specific sequence of _____.
Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Triglycerides
Nucleotides

16. Check Your Understanding
Two proteins in the same cell perform different functions. This is because the two proteins are composed of
Chains folded the same way and the same sequence of simple sugars
Chains folded the same way and the same sequence of amino acids
Chains folded differently and a different sequence of simple sugars
Chains folded differently and a different sequence of amino acids

17. Check Your Understanding
Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules. Which functional characteristic of proteins distinguishes them from carbohydrates?
Large amount of stored information
Ability to catalyze biochemical reactions
Efficient storage of usable chemical energy
Tendency to make cell membranes hydrophobic

18. Check Your Understanding
Which of the following is a function of proteins?
Storing energy
Storing waste
Catalyzing (speeding up) chemical reactions
Donating electrons

20. What are enzymes?
Enzymes are very important for chemical reactions. There are two parts for every reaction:
Reactants - the things that go into a chemical reaction.
Products – the things that are created as a result of a chemical reaction
C6H12O O CO H2O
reactants
products

21. What are enzymes? Enymes are proteins that speed up
the rate of a chemical reaction (catalyst)
Enzymes speed up reactions by decreasing the amount of
activation energy needed for a reaction.
-Activation energy is energy that chemicals need to break
bonds
Example: Frogs leaping over a pile of rocks
The higher the barrier (activation
energy), the less frogs can get over
(less product can be created).
The lower the barrier, the more
Products can be made.