1. BOUNDARIES THE LIMITS OF STATES

2. DEFINITION Boundary : a line separating one State from another Where one State's power (sovereignty) ends and another's begins Boundary lines are vertical from the air to beneath the ground Boundaries determine which language you learn, how much you pay in taxes, and legal code that you are subject to

3. NATURAL BOUNDARIES Natural or Physical boundaries are those based on recognizable physiographic features, such as mountains, rivers, and lakes. Proved to be unsatisfactory borders, they do not effectively separate states.

4. GEOMETRIC BOUNDARIES Straight lines that serve as political boundaries that are unrelated to physical and /or cultural differences, i.e., United States/Canadian border.

5. Cultural Political Boundary political boundary that separates different cultures, i.e., former Yugoslavia.

6. Superimposed Boundary Boundary that has been forced upon the inhabitants of an area to solve a problem and/or conflict, i.e., Indonesia/Papua New Guinea. The Berlin Conference was Africa's undoing in more ways than one. The colonial powers superimposed their domains on the African continent.

7. Relict Boundary - boundary that ceases to exist, however the imprint of the boundary still remains on the cultural landscape, i.e., North/South Vietnam.

8. Boundary Demarcation there are no physical signs on Earth's surface to show that a boundary exists, i.e., Saudi Arabia/Omen.

9. Fortified Boundary - when a state constructs physical barriers along a boundary to either keep people in or out of its territory, i.e., Great Wall of China, Berlin Wall, earth berms along the Morocco/Spanish Sahara border.

10. BOUNDARY DISPUTES Boundaries and border create many possibilities for conflict The more neighbors a state has, the more likely the chance for conflict

11. Definitional or Positional Disputes Definition: Disagreement about actual location of a boundary i.e., Argentina and Chile Dispute > Highest peaks of Andes and > East and West flowing rivers

12. Territorial Disputes Definition: Two States argue over territory occupied by an ethnic group > Caused most often by superimposed boundaries Example: Ethiopia and Somalia Somalia clashed with Ethiopia over Somalis living in Ethiopia

13. Allocational or Resource Disputes Definition: Disagreement over the control or use of shared resources, such as fishing grounds Examples: Mexico and US (Colorado River) and US and Canada (Georges Bank fishing in Atlantic Ocean), 1990 Persian Gulf War (Rumalia Oil Field)