1. ENERGY RESEARCH: TECHNOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC AND SCIENTIFIC BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES Tomasz Wiltowski Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Processes Coal Research Center Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901 Projekt InterEnergy Intenzifikace mezioborového výzkumu a posílení lidských zdrojů v oblasti nových technologií v energetice CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0075

2. Every EVERY BABY BORN WILL NEED………

3. ENERGY It is hard to believe that the term “energy” was only introduced into our language by Thomas Young in 1805 in his Bakerian Lecture to the Royal Society

4. Energy may be the most important factor that will influence the shape of the society in the 21 st century Energy has long played a critical role in our national security, economic prosperity, and environmental quality. Today concerns about how we produce and consume energy are at the forefront of public attention.

5. Are we able to predict what energy we will use in the future? Sometimes doing this is like the weather forecast: Weather forecast for tonight: dark Weather forecast for tonight: dark (-Gregory Carlin) Moreover, we can follow Mark Twain who says that everybody talks about the weather (we may change this for the word energy), but nobody does anything about it.

6. The Reasons for the Concern Increase in world population, Increase in individual expectation for energy – world wide, Current dependency on fossil fuels, Finite resources of fossil fuels, Need to extend time to exhaustion, Need to develop new alternatives to lower CO 2 emissions.

9. 21 st Century: Primary Challenge Prevent life-enhancing technologies from destroying the environment

10. COAL Fuel of the Future or a Fuel of the Past? U.S. Electricity Demand Fuels used to generate electricity

11. COAL Exposing the Myth……

12. advanced filtration, Rankine cycle improvement, reliability and cost reductions, advanced combustion system design and analysis Existing Technologies COAL New Technologies research on gasification, design of the optimal gasifier removal of NH 3 and H 2 S development of the new catalysts for gasification

13. Sustainable Coal Utilization Gas TreatingShift Reaction Gasification Gas Treating Shift Reaction Carbon Dioxide Building material Sulfur Transport Fuel Electricity Sequestration Coal Slag Syngas Hydrogen CCGT water

14. UNIVERSITY ROLE IN THE ENERGY INNOVATION CHAIN Research & Development DemonstrationDeployment Feedback of R & D New Ideas Pilot Plant Commercial Plant Basic R & D Applied R & D to address technical issues UNIVERSITY

15. Transition to Hydrogen the "forever fuel" that we can never run out of Water + energy hydrogen + oxygen Hydrogen + oxygen water + energy

16. Transition to Hydrogen

17. Is it safe?: A primer on Hydrogen safety All fuels are hazardous, but…  All fuels are hazardous, but… Hydrogen is comparably or less so, but different:  Hydrogen is comparably or less so, but different:  Clear flame can’t sear you at a distance; no smoke  Hard to make explode; can’t explode in free air; burns first  22× less explosive power  Rises, doesn’t puddle Hindenburg myth (1937) – nobody was killed by hydrogen  Hindenburg myth (1937) – nobody was killed by hydrogen fire fire  Completely unrelated to hydrogen bombs

18. Where Does Hydrogen Come From? 95% of hydrogen is currently produced by steam reforming Partial Oxidation Steam Reforming Electrolysis Thermochemical Fossil Fuels Water Biomass currently most energy efficient requires improvements not cost effective requires high temperatures Gasification Microbial requiresimprovements slowkinetics

19. Bench Scale Flow Reactor Fluidized Flow Reactor Thermogravimetric Reactor Quadrupole Product Analyzer

20. Our Research on Hydrogen Technology that was developed at Coal Research Center SIUC Keep things as simple as possible, but not simpler

21. Coal H2OH2O H2H2 Air/O 2 CO 2 THE CONCEPT

22. modified Ca sorbent metal catalysts syngas H2H2 H2H2 CO CO disproportionation carbon deposits CO 2 CO 2 capture metal catalysts modified Ca sorbent air carbon oxidation CO 2 release CO 2 Regeneration Hydrogen Separation

23. Water Gas Shift Steam Reforming CO 2 Capture H2OH2O C Oxidation by O Transfer Agent C H2H2 CH 4 CO 2 H 2 O CO, H 2 O CO CO, H 2 O CO H2H2 H2H2 CO 2, H 2 O H2H2 CO 2 CH 4, H 2 O Steam Reforming CH 4, CO 2 Dry Reforming Excess H 2 O H2H2 CO 2, H 2 O H2H2 CO Oxidation by O Transfer Agent

24. Always increase the complexity in order to justify failure Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss 1777 - 1855 1777 - 1855

25. Coal Gasification/ CO 2 absorption CO 2 Release / Fe 2 O 3 reduction FeO oxidation / heat generation H 2 production: C (coal) + H 2 O  H 2 + CO (+CO 2 ) CO 2 absorption: CO 2 +CaO  CaCO 3 Water-gas shift: CO+H 2 O  H 2 +CO 2 Fe 2 O 3 reduction: C (char)+H 2 O  CO+H 2 Fe 2 O 3 + CO (+H 2 )   2FeO +CO 2 (+H 2 O) CO 2 release: CaCO 3  CaO + CO 2 FeO oxidation: 4FeO+O 2  2Fe 2 O 3 +heat CaO, heat CaCO 3, char FeO Fe 2 O 3, heat H2H2 CO 2 N2N2 H2OH2O Air Generated heat is transferred via hot solids H 2 purity increased to ~80% via CO 2 adsorption and water- gas shift Fe 2 O 3 /FeO cycling generates heat and eliminates external heating Three fluidized beds with continuou s solids transfer Fuel Cell CO 2 Sequestrati on Combine d Cycle Turbines  Three streams in: Coal Steam Air  Three streams out: H 2 CO 2 High T/P vitiated air Three-Reactors System Produces H 2, Power and Sequestration-Ready CO 2 Coal Gasification/ CO 2 absorption CO 2 Release / Fe 2 O 3 reduction FeO oxidation / heat generation H 2 production: C (coal) + H 2 O  H 2 + CO (+CO 2 ) CO 2 absorption: CO 2 +CaO  CaCO 3 Water-gas shift: CO+H 2 O  H 2 +CO 2 Fe 2 O 3 reduction: C (char)+H 2 O  CO+H 2 Fe 2 O 3 + CO (+H 2 )   2FeO +CO 2 (+H 2 O) CO 2 release: CaCO 3  CaO + CO 2 FeO oxidation: 4FeO+O 2  2Fe 2 O 3 +heat CaO, heat CaCO 3, char FeO Fe 2 O 3, heat H2H2 CO 2 N2N2 Coal, H 2 O H2OH2O Air Generated heat is transferred via hot solids H 2 purity increased to ~80% via CO 2 adsorption and water- gas shift Fe 2 O 3 /FeO cycling generates heat and eliminates external heating Three fluidized beds with continuou s solids transfer Fuel Cell CO 2 Sequestrati on Combine d Cycle Turbines

26. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE Catalytic process/SIUC

27. Steam Content

28. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 024681012 Iron Oxide to Coal Ratio Composition (%) H2H2 CO CH 4 CO 2 Catalyst Loading

29.  Hydrogen production  Hydrogen storage  Fuel Cell components esp. catalysis  Institutional Barriers  Codes and Standards (safety)  Hydrogen delivery infrastructure  Education Technology Barriers and Challenges for H 2

30. The Fisher-Tropsch process converts syngas to liquid fuels I know that in XXI century everyone would like to apply my process in some form

31. F-T SYNTHESIS OF LIQUID FUELS WORLD IS NOT FACING AN ENERGY CRISIS, BUT RATHER A LIQUID FUEL CRISIS !

32. Our research on FT synthesis Fe-Zn-K ZSM C 10 – C 25 C 15 avg H 2 CO FT synthesis Cracking

33. Fischer-Tropsch Experiments  350 psi 300 °C

34. Fischer-Tropsch Experiments  350 psi 350 °C

35. Fischer-Tropsch Experiments  350 psi 400 °C

36. FT SYNTHESIS IN SUPERCRITICAL CO 2

37. INTEGRATED MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH FOR THE DESIGN OF PRODUCT ORIENTED FT CATALYSTS Cluster catalysis - Co-Cu/Al 2 O 3 Organic and Inorganic precursors for catalysts synthesis

38. 1.More selective catalysts 2.Gas-phase FT synthesis with simultaneous cracking 3.Enhancing selectivity by mass transfer limitations 4.Termination to either paraffins or olefins 5.Re-adsorption of olefins 6. Secondary reactions on different active sites such as cracking and hydrogenation Syngas Biogas Natural Gas Coal Fischer Tropsch Synthesis s Cracking Liquid d Fuels Research has to be done on…..

39. BIOFUELS Ethyl tert-butyl ether Fatty Acid Methyl Ester

41. The research in collaboration with the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

42. The research will go towards…….

43. BIOFUELS PATHWAYS

45. GLOBAL WARMING - CO 2 Management POSSIBLE POSITIVE EFFECT S(?)

46. Carbon Management Technology Road Map CO 2 Based Industrial Applications CO 2 Capture Mobile Sources CO 2 Geological Sequestration CO 2 researchCO 2 Capture Fixed Sources Industrial & Research Alliances

47. Some thoughts……….. (not research based) theories called "Free Energy," "Over Unity" or "Zero-Point Energy." But none of these devices have ever been proven, either theoretically or physically. The "free energy" area is filled with artists selling unintelligible information, often clouded with technical sounding jargon, and seeking people with money to develop their inventions or ideas. Some ideas are interesting, but they are still fiction…….. Though science fiction has a basis in some fact. Jules Verne wrote about traveling under the water more than a hundred years ago, and today we have submarines. He also wrote about going to the moon, and in 1969 humans first set foot there. So, while some ideas being used by writers are fiction... there could be some basis in fact. Who knows….

48. CONCLUSION The combined impact of increased fossil fuel costs, environmental concerns, political instability has to accelerate the decline in consumption of fossil fuels and an increase in reliance on renewable sources. It is impossible to say with certainty what the 21 st century energy mix will be, but we may say that 21 st century energy mix depends as much on choices made by the society as it will on technology. This means that DEPENDS ON THE RESEARCH, this means depends on the researchers, it means depends on us.

49. ENDOWED CHAIR  endowment enhances the quality of research  honors the person for which the endowment is named I look at this position as an opportunity to contribute toward energy in both research and teaching capacities. What this opportunity means for me: - possibility of contributing to the development of energy curricula at Missouri S&T; - helping to foster the faculty at different departments in to even great presence in energy education and research through Missouri S&T’s activities; - developing a strong, externally funded research program that complements Missouri S&T existing strengths; - significant potential for interdisciplinary research with international impact

50. THANK YOU