2. Utah School of Computing Preliminaries CS5540 HCI by Rich Riesenfeld Fall 2007

3. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 2 Fall 2007

4. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 3 Fall 2007 What is the HCI Issue? Is interface the real concern? Is issue a matter of accomplishing work, some set of tasks? Are we focusing on wrong thing? We do not discuss std telephone interfaces often.

5. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 4 Fall 2007 “Doing Work” View - 2 Understand user and human behavior How does an architect approach custom home design for new client?

6. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 5 Fall 2007 Interesting, pleasing, attractive, inviting Effective to use Intuitive: Alan Kay’s children -Can a caveman use it? Organized, hierarchically structured, clean What good interface principles - 1 do we already know?

7. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 6 Fall 2007 Help functions, Search, etc Consistent form (aka design integrity) Automatic assistance -Completions -Spelling -Wizards What good interface principles - 2 do we already know?

8. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 7 Fall 2007 Lead the user -Prompts -Indicate nature of any problem -Specific communication Navigational aids: systems often huge -Where am I ?? -What does interface want from me? What good interface principles - 3 do we already know?

9. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 8 Fall 2007 Meaningful error msgs -Don’t send you elsewhere -Give useful number (info) -Area of inadequate traditions Multiple paths to a function Keep it simple -KISS What good interface principles - 4 do we already know?

10. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 9 Fall 2007 Gain user’s trust Bottom up is probably most acceptable Simple tasks should remain simple WYSIWYG – easy to get started -Piano v violin What good interface principles - 5 do we already know?

11. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 10 Fall 2007 Our history hurts us…- 1 Developed some poor communications habits Natural language is terribly ambiguous Resources were scare Other priorities, historically

12. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 11 Fall 2007 Our history hurts us… - 2 Error Messages -Early computing: “Compiler error” -Even now: Sys Error EM732851 -Error from wrong level: page fault … Small, cluttered road signs Confusing directions -400 S HOV Interchange on I15

13. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 12 Fall 2007 Our history hurts us: KE007 - 3 KE007 1 Sep 1983

14. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 13 Fall 2007 Our history hurts us… KE007 - 4 Korean Airlines Flight KE007 269 onboard, veered over Russian airspace in Pacific; was shot down Pilot/Navigator keyed in numerical coordinates by hand for flight plan -Possible transcription error

15. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 14 Fall 2007 Our history hurts us… KE007 - 5 How about: Automatic download? Picking from menu? Symbolic names? Confirmation playback?

16. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 15 Fall 2007 Our history hurts us… KE007 - 6 How about: Context check (like type-checking…)? -Pilot, run, time, plane, schedules, assignments, etc Skyteam/ DL downloadable (filtered) timetable -All SkyTeam / All Delta -Only Connecting, Direct, Nonstop

17. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 16 Fall 2007 Our history hurts us… KE007 - 7 How about: Monitors, Alarms, Inhibitors? Confirmation message? -Aviation tower communications -Telephone technical conversations Parity checks?

18. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 17 Fall 2007 Audi Cars took off from a standing position Driver error, claimed Audi… Whose error was it? Our history hurts us… - 8

19. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 18 Fall 2007 Our history hurts us… - 9 NASA’s Mars Orbiter Space Probe NASA’s Mars Polar Lander Space Probe

20. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 19 Fall 2007 Our history hurts us… - 9 NASA’s Mars Orbiter Space Probe NASA’s Mars Polar Lander Space Probe

21. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 20 Fall 2007 Our history hurts us… - 9

22. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 21 Fall 2007 Our history hurts us… - 10 NASA’s Mars Orbiter Space Probe NASA’s Mars Polar Lander Space Probe

23. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 22 Fall 2007

24. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 23 Fall 2007 Our history hurts us… - 11 NASA space probe Lost major mission over units mistake JPL group worked in SI units Colorado group worked in English units Combining the results let to bad numbers Type checking issues?

25. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 24 Fall 2007 What does this sign mean? Culture-1

26. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 25 Fall 2007 What does this sign mean? Culture-2

27. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 26 Fall 2007 Up is better than down -Religion, Dante, … When we refer to ourselves -We point to our noses? -Our chests? Point with index finger or hand ? Culture-3

28. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 27 Fall 2007 Critical Interfaces Nuclear power plants: 1961 SL1 nuclear disaster1961 SL1 nuclear disaster -Interface had better be clear and foolproof Airplane cockpit -Computer graphics has simplified controls, infomation Power saw, laser indicator

29. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 28 Fall 2007 Accessibility of Controls Where is the interface? Where is the emergency “Off” ? Access causes: -Exposure to danger -Confusion -Loss of critical time -Distraction (John Denver’s plane crash) -Disorientation

30. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 29 Fall 2007 Parameter Overload Too many choices What does a parameter (widget) do? Which is the most important at this time? Examples

31. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 30 Fall 2007 Effect of Function: Examples Water faucets in a sink Manual gear shift: 4 on the floor Chords on a guitar: hard! Interface is dictated (confused) by needed function

32. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 31 Fall 2007 Other Historical Examples Books are essentially linear Stories or communications needs are not Hyper-text -Breaks the shackles of linear text stream -Digress as needed, desired

33. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 32 Fall 2007 HCI is a Design Problem Design is old subject Well studied, rich traditions Apply design methodologies to build better interfaces We will look at this viewpoint

34. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 33 Fall 2007 Important Operational Issues Reliability Availability Security Data integrity

35. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 34 Fall 2007 Important Basics Standardization across app’s -Apple did this first Integration of packages and tools -Unix does this well Consistency in actions, design style, terms, menus, color, fonts, etc Portability across platforms -Less than advertised (Quicken, eg)

36. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 35 Fall 2007 Palm Desktop Calendar

37. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 36 Fall 2007 Palm Handheld Calendar

38. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 37 Fall 2007 Important Stats -1 Time to learn Speed of performance -How much coffee can one drink? Rate of errors by users -“The user is always right!”

39. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 38 Fall 2007 Important Stats -2 Retention over time -Do you have to start at square 1? Subjective satisfaction -Do you like it (no explanation needed!) -Can you develop attachment for it?

40. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 39 Fall 2007 Dramatically Different Needs - 1 Life-critical systems -Air traffic; nuclear reactors; cockpits; power utilities; emergency, military, medical, operations Commercial -Banks, resv’s, inventory, point-of-sales (Hertz, Fedex,..), registration,..

41. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 40 Fall 2007 Dramatically Different Needs - 2 Home, office, entertainment -Obvious needs Exploratory, creative, cooperative systems -Bad interface (computer or otherwise) can destroy the process

42. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 41 Fall 2007 Human Diversity Ergonomics, anthropometry -Anyone here “average?” Physical consideration -Height, stiffness, posture, shapeness, size of working area -IPD, headsize, light sensitivity -Lefthandedness

43. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 42 Fall 2007 Short-term memory Long-term memory (Over 40 year old users…) Problem solving Decision making -Armageddon situations Cognitive Processes - 1 (from Engineering Abstracts)

44. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 43 Fall 2007 Attention and set (scope of concern) -ADHD, Ritalin population (5%)… Search and scanning Time perception Cognitive Processes - 2 (from Engineering Abstracts)

45. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 44 Fall 2007 Arousal and vigilance Fatigue Perceptual (mental) load Knowledge of results Monotony and boredom Perceptual and Motor - 1 Performance Factors (ibid)

46. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 45 Fall 2007 Sensory deprivation Sleep deprivation -New driving regulations -Medical interns/residents Anxiety and fear Isolation Perceptual and Motor - 2 Performance Factors (ibid)

47. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 46 Fall 2007 Aging Drugs and alcohol Circadian rhythms Perceptual and Motor - 3 Performance Factors (ibid)

48. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 47 Fall 2007 Gender Differences Males and Females are different! -Aggressive comparisons -Learning environments  Positive v. Negative Reinforcement -Sensitivities Much has been observed Firm principles are scarce -Some research at Stanford

49. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 48 Fall 2007 Extrovert v Introvert -Extroverts like action Sensing v Intuition -Routine v discovering new Carl Jung’s - 1 Personality Differences

50. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 49 Fall 2007 Perceptive v judging -New situations v planning Feeling v thinking -Sensitive v logical Carl Jung’s - 2 Personality Differences

51. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 50 Fall 2007 Recent Study Result … Multi-tasking does not work! Ergo, one should not: -Drive a car -Talk on a mobile phone Q: Is driving a car a single task??

52. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 51 Fall 2007 Cultural & International Diversity - 1 Characters, numerals, special characters, diacriticals Left-to-right v (right-to-left or vertical reading) Date and time formats -What date is: 9/11/07 ? -International standards

53. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 52 Fall 2007 Cultural & International Diversity - 2 Numeric and currency formats -How much is: €10.000,02 ? -How much is: 10.000,02 NOK ? -How much is: 10.000,02 USD ? -How much is: $10,000.02 ?

54. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 53 Fall 2007 Cultural & International Diversity - 3 Telephones and addresses -Fixed v variable length numbers -Use the area code? -Precede City Code by “0”  +49 (0) 931 3053-0 -Where is: Schreberstrasse 15B D-14167 Berlin GERMANY

55. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 54 Fall 2007 Cultural & International Diversity - 4 Telephones and addresses -Fixed v variable length numbers -Use the area code? (Washington, D.C.) -Precede City Code by “0” ?  +49 (0) 931 3053-0 (Wützburg)  011-39-06-488-0789 (Rome) -How many digits to dial?  47 22-05-80-00 (Oslo)  All calls 8 digits throughout Norway

56. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 55 Fall 2007 Cultural & International Diversity - 5 Telephones and addresses (cont) -Business telephone conventions  Hotel Front Desk: “0” ?  Outside Line: “9”  These are US conventions, not abroad  International:  US: 001- or 01-  Europe uses: 00+ CC -What does dial look like?  0,1,…,9 or 1,2,…,9,0 ?  1,2,3, …9 or 9,8,7, …,1,0

57. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 56 Fall 2007 Cultural & International Diversity - 6 Telephones and addresses (cont) -Information  US: 0, 411, 1411, 0411, 800-555-1212  Abroad: various -Emergency  US: 0, 911, other  Abroad: various

58. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 57 Fall 2007 Cultural & International Diversity - 7 Weights and measures -grams, meters, joules, centigrade, … -Stones, metric tons, gallon (US v Can) -Gas consumption:  liters per 100 km v mpg Names and titles, and their use -Mr., Ms., Mme, M., Dr., Esq., “The Honorable”, Frau, Herr, -“Herr Doctor Professor Engineer” SSNs, national IDs, driver’s license, … Capitalization and punctuation -¿ ?, …

59. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 58 Fall 2007 Cultural & International Diversity - 8 Alphabets & Sorting sequences -Different alphabets, more characters  ç, Ø,Ö, å, æ, è, é, ê, ë, ö, ü, β … -German has 3 recognized sorting sequences:  o, ö:  Ignore umlaut; follow after all o’s; put at end  Problem: ö  oe, but not always… Punctuation: Pluralization, grammar, spelling Etiquette, policies, tone, formality, metaphors

60. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 59 Fall 2007 Users with Disabilities Can truly open doors -Man with ALS who uses head to type Doing it well requires good client model Designer challenges Avoid projections of your values

61. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 60 Fall 2007 Evaluating Interfaces - 1 Understanding of a practical problem Lucid statement of a testable hypothesis Manipulation of small number of independent variables Measurement of specific dependent variables

62. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 61 Fall 2007 Evaluating Interfaces - 2 Careful selection and assignment of subjects Control for bias in subjects, procedures, and materials Application of statistical tests Interpretation of results, refinement of theory, and guidance for experimenters

63. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 62 Fall 2007 Possible Research Directions - 1 Reduced anxiety of computers Graceful evolution of systems Specification and implementation of interaction Direct manipulation

64. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 63 Fall 2007 Possible Research Directions - 2 Input devices Online assistance Information exploration Applications across platforms

65. Utah School of Computing END - Lecture Set 1 Preliminaries

66. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 65 Fall 2007 What does this sign mean? Culture-1

67. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 66 Fall 2007

68. Student Name Server Utah School of Computing slide 67 Fall 2007 Effect of Function: Examples Water faucets in a sink Manual gear shift: 4 on the floor Chords on a guitar: hard! Interface is dictated (confused) by needed function