1. Inter Vehicle Communication
Akhil Parekh
Manan Shah

2. Outlook Introduction Motivation Overview of Smart Vehicle Architecture
Types of Communication
Radio Bands
Protocols
Classes of Information and Information Parameters
Types of IVC
Threats, Challenges and Attacks
Security Architecture
Applications
Real Time Examples
Conclusions

3. Introduction What is Inter Vehicle Communication?
Communication among drivers and vehicles in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
Communication conducted between onboard information equipment
IVC enables the service of exchange and distribution of data

4. Motivation
Study shows - “About 60% roadway collisions could be avoided if the operator of the vehicle was provided warning at least one-half second prior to a collision”
(- US. Patent No. 5,613,039)
Approximately 40,000 people are killed each year on the European Union’s roads, with around 1.7 million people incurring critical injuries.
The annual costs associated with traffic accidents total nearly 3 percent of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP), or roughly US$1 trillion.
Number of vehicles is increasing faster than the number of
roads, leading to frequent traffic jams.
Constraints of human drivers’ perception
Line-of-sight limitation of brake light
Large processing/forwarding delay for emergency events.

5. Statistics Cars Trucks (class 7, 8) On-road population 231 million
Annual New Vehicle Sales
16 million
260, 000
Annual VMT
8,400
63,000
Total Fatalities
37,446
4,390
Total Injuries
2,672,000
116,000
Estimated Total cost of crashes
$188 billion
$30 billion

6. Overview of Smart Vehicle

7. Terms EDR – Forward radar- Positioning System- Computing platform-
used in vehicles to register all important parameters such as velocity, acceleration, etc. especially during abnormal situations, such as accidents
This data is used for reconstruction.
Forward radar-
Used to detect any forward obstacles as far as 200 meters
Positioning System-
Used to locate vehicles
Accuracy can be improved by knowledge of road topology
Computing platform-
Inputs from various components is used to generate useful information

8. Pictorial View

9. Flowchart of IVC

10. Architecture

11. Key Components On-board Equipment (OBE): human machine interface
vehicle interfaces, (to on-board networks)
Applications, memory and processing
positioning, (GPS and dead-reckoning system)
communications functions (radio, antenna, etc)
Roadside Equipment (RSE):
access “nodes” positioned along highways, at traffic intersections and
other locations
includes a DSRC radio, GPS, processor, and router to send messages
back through the IVC Network
Network:
The IVC Network interconnects the road-side RSEs, network services, and the network end-users

12. General View The Vehicle as a part of the Network
Vehicle to Infrastructure to Vehicle Communication
Center for Information Processing
Vehicle to Vehicle Communication

13. Types of Communication
Vehicle to Vehicle Communication –
It demonstrates properties of both peer-to-peer network and mobile ad-hoc network.
In Peer-to-peer systems participants rely on another for service rather than solely relying on a dedicated and centralized infrastructure
A mobile ad hoc network is a collection of mobile hosts with wireless communication capabilities forming temporary network.
Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication –
Information is available from roadside sources
uses 63 GHz band
Ex- Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)
allows for electronic payment of highway tolls
communication is traditionally via microwave or infrared techniques, more recently through GPS technology
an electronic monetary transaction occurs between a vehicle passing through a toll station and the toll agency

14. Radio Bands
Communicating vehicles can use both infrared and radio waves
Radio waves include VHF, micro, and millimeter waves
Bluetooth operates at 2.4 GHz , and is reliable up to a speed of 80 km/h and range of 80meters.
It can take up to 3 seconds to establish the communication.
requires a master and slave setup
alternative to Bluetooth is a new radio frequency technique called UWB
main advantages of UWB technology are its high data rate, low cost, etc.

15. Technologies Broadcasting Technologies: Short Range: Long Range:
I2V: RDS/TMC, DAB, DVB, DVB-H, S-DMB, T-DMB
Short Range:
I2V: DSRC
V2V: DSRC, UWB/SRR
Long Range:
V2I/I2V: GSM, GPRS/EDGE, UMTS, Wi-Fi, WiMAX
V2V: GSM, GPRS/EDGE, UMTS, Wi-Fi
In-Vehicle Systems:
Bluetooth, Zigbee

16. Protocols Medium Access Control (MAC) in IVC
An ad-hoc network between vehicles is better suited for vehicle communications than centralized service.
Centralized architecture is not very efficient
Wireless connectivity between moving vehicles can be provided by existing compliant devices.
Data rates of up to 54 Mbps can be achieved with a hardware.
Robust MAC scheme is needed so that channel is shared efficiently between mobile nodes.
Types- DMAC and ASDM

17. Protocols (Cont’d) Directional MAC
Ad-hoc network uses Omni-directional antennas (less
spatial coverage)
Directional antennas can be used to improve network
performance by improving spatial reuse of channel
DMAC uses physical layer’s directional transmission
capabilities
It tells the neighbors to delay their transmissions if it is
going to harm
pending transmission
Helps to avoid hidden terminal and deafness problems
RTS is send in circular way when node is ready to transmit
Circular RTS consist of RTS-CTS-DATA-ACK

18. Adaptive Space Division Multiplexing
Security and scalability are the major issues in wireless communication
Need of protocol to scale well as the available bandwidth shrinks
ASDM breaks the roadway up into cells and contains a mapping function that maps the cell to time slots
Assignment rule - determines a time slot for each vehicle
ASDM ensures QoS by maintaining adequate distance between vehicles
Vehicle keeps its frequency of transmission constant by maintaining a certain following distance.

19. Data Packet Format Network ID: To filter a packet from other network
Destination: Destination ID
Source: Source ID
Type/Seq: Type of packet/Number of sequence
Size: Size of the whole packet
Data: Actual data to transfer
CRC: 16-bit CRC to check the validity of the packet

20. Active Collision Warning /Avoidance System
By continuing with the passive safety technologies, it will be difficult to reduce crash costs
Thus people have started developing active safety features in order to reduce costs
The introduction of automotive collision warning/ avoidance systems represents the next significant leap in vehicle safety technology
Automotive collision warning systems try to warn drivers of an impending collision event. Allowing driver little bit extra time to react
If the collision warning systems are built in conjunction with drive by wire technology, then the system could try to automatically maneuver the vehicle in order to avoid an impending collision

21. Contd… An Object Vehicle and its Restricted Boundary Around a Subject Vehicle

24. Parameter to Detect an Impending Collision

25. Vehicles Parameter
There are two types of parameters: Static and Dynamic
Static Parameters:
The static parameter indicates the size of the vehicle and the location of its GPS receiver within itself.
Dynamic Parameters:
The dynamic parameters are vehicle’s position (Xn,Yn), speed
acceleration, direction and the status of the brakes, steering
wheel, gas paddle, turn signal etc.

26. Contd….
The static parameters are to be exchanged only once, when two vehicles first form a network
But, the dynamic parameters are to be continuously exchanged after certain interval of time
The successful operation of a Collision Warning/Avoidance system depends on how accurately the vehicle’s parameters can be measured
All parameters, except the vehicle’s position and direction can be measured with a very high accuracy

27. Classes of Information
Movement Related – speed, velocity, acceleration, etc
Traffic Related – number of vehicles, traffic volume, density, congestion
Passenger Related – weather related information,

28. Movement Related Wireless Technology
Technologies Used:-
Magnetic Nails
Magnetic Tape
Live wires
Radar for imaging
Car to car communication
Infrastructure to car communication

29. Traffic Related Wireless Technology
Infrastructure Based:-
Adjusting traffic flow
Operation on individual vehicle
Vehicle Based:-
Automated Collection
Providing Warnings

30. Passenger Related Wireless Technology
Providing Information to passengers
Weather
Traffic
General News
Interaction with passengers
Web access
Routing, food/hotel/fuel inquiries
Access to special services.

31. Types of IVC

32. Stop And Go Adaptive Cruise Control
Taking over automatic braking and driving when vehicles are in traffic jam

33. Co-operative Driving
Co-operative driving exchanges respective data such as position velocity etc

34. Hazard Warning
includes obstacle warning, stopped vehicle warning and slowing down warning

35. Merging and Lane Changing Warning
Safe and smooth lane change and merging with communication

36. Inter/Intra Platoon Communication
Ad-hoc communication between vehicles

37. Mobile Ad-hoc Network
MANET is an autonomous system composed of mobile nodes which communicates with each other in wireless environment where there is no infrastructure support
Every mobile node is self organized and relies on the other nodes to forward information
IVC networks are regarded as new type of MANET systems
One of the key characteristics is the mobility of mobile node which produces dynamic topology than wired networks

38. Challenges in IVC
Liability Vs Privacy:- Accountability and liability of the vehicles is required and context specific information such as coordinates, time intervals should be possible to extract but such requirements raise privacy concerns
Real Time Communication:- Driver assistance applications are time sensitive therefore security protocols should impose low processing overhead
Vehicular Network Scale:- With roughly billion vehicles,
the design of a facility that provides cryptographic keys is big challenge

39. Vulnerabilities in IVC
In Transit Traffic Tempering:- Nodes acting as a relay can disrupt
communication of other nodes
Impersonation:- An attacker masquerading an emergency vehicle to
mislead other vehicles

40. Jamming:- The Jammer deliberately generates interfering transmissions that prevents communication

41. Forgery:- Fast contamination of large portions of the vehicular network coverage area with false information

42. Privacy:-With Vehicular networks deployed, the collection of vehicle specific information from overhead vehicular communications will become particularly easy

43. Attacks on IVC Attack 1: Bogus Traffic Information
Traffic jam ahead

44. Attack 2:Disruption of Network Operation
SLOW DOWN
The way is clear

45. Attack 3: Cheating with Identity, Position or Speed
I was not there!

46. Open Problems
Data Verification:- can be achieved by data correlation mechanism but such mechanisms are in design stage
Secure Routing:- In vehicular networking messages need to be delivered to specific areas for example:- in the case of traffic jam queue, this can be achieved by position based routing protocols but none of the solution is secure
DoS Resillience:- DoS and jamming problems can not be completely solve by frequency hopping

47. Public Key Infrastructure
Security services
Positioning
Confidentiality
Privacy
Shared session key
...
PKI CA P P A B

48. Security Architecture of IVC

49. Components of Security Architecture
Event Data Recorder:- The EDR will be responsible for recording the vehicles critical
data such as position, time, speed etc. EDR will also record
all the received safety messages
Tamper Proof Device:- The TPD will store all the cryptographic materials and perform
cryptographic operations like signing and verifying safety
messages
Vehicular Public Key Infrastructure:- In VPKI infrastructure Certificate Authorities will
issue certified public/private key pairs to vehicles
Authentication:- Vehicles will sign each message with their private key and attach
corresponding certificate. Thus when another vehicle receives the
message it verifies key used to sign the message and then it
verifies the message.
Privacy:- To conceal vehicles identity , set of anonymous keys that changes
frequently can be used. This keys are preloaded into vehicles Tamper Proof
Device for long duration

50. Application of IVC Information and Warning Functions:-
Dissemination of road information to vehicles distant from the subjected site
Communication based longitudinal control:-
Exploiting the look through capacity to avoid accidents, platooning vehicles etc.
Co-operative Assistant Systems:-
Coordinating vehicles at critical points
Added Value Applications:-
Internet Access, Location based services, Multiplayer games

51. Differences Between Different Standards

52. Real Time Applications
FleetNet:- The Internet on the road project was set up by
six companies and three universities in order to promote
the development of inter vehicular communication
CarTALK:- Focused on developing new driver assistance systems
which are based on inter vehicle communication for safe
and comfortable driving
Network On Wheels (NOW):- The main objectives of NOW are to
solve technical key questions on the communication
protocols and data security for car to car communication
Advance Driver Assistant System In Europe (ADASE):- ADASE
project has a mission to increase the road and traffic safety in
Europe by avoiding collisions before they occur

53. FleetNet Objectives Key Features
To develop a communication platform for inter vehicle communication
To implement demonstrator applications
To develop promising introduction strategies
Standardize the solution found
Key Features
Wireless multi hop ad hoc networking
Allows for low cost data transmission
Very low data transmission delay
Extends the range of awareness
Vehicles are addressed according to their
position

54. FleetNet Applications
Co-operative Driver Assistance:-
Emergency Notification
Overtaking Assistance
Obstacle Warning
Decentralized floating car data:-
Traffic jam monitor
Dynamic Navigation
User Communications:-
Inter vehicle chat
Mobile advertising

55. Standardization
Is necessary so that vehicles from different car manufacturers can communicate with each other
NEC which is Japanese technology company is the member of C2CC consortium and is working in close collaboration with BMW, Daimler Chrysler
Objective – open industrial standard for internet vehicle communication with wireless components to ensure interoperability
First product to be expected between 2009 to 2012

56. Conclusion
Design of communication protocols in IVC is extremely challenging
Protocols have potential to support many new innovative applications
These technologies can greatly enhance the infotainment, safety, comfort, communication and convenience value of new vehicles.
As vehicles become “smarter”, security and privacy gain importance

57. Questions Vehicle to Vehicle Communication –
What are two types of communication in IVC?
Vehicle to Vehicle Communication –
It demonstrates properties of both peer-to-peer network and mobile ad-hoc network.
In Peer-to-peer systems participants rely on another for service rather than solely relying on a dedicated and centralized infrastructure
A mobile ad hoc network is a collection of mobile hosts with wireless communication capabilities forming temporary network.
Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication –
Information is available from roadside sources
uses 63 GHz band
Ex- Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)
allows for electronic payment of highway tolls
communication is traditionally via microwave or infrared techniques, more recently through GPS technology
an electronic monetary transaction occurs between a vehicle passing through a toll station and the toll agency

58. What are the challenges in IVC?
Liability Vs Privacy:- Accountability and liability of the vehicles is required and context specific information such as coordinates, time intervals should be possible to extract but such requirements raise privacy concerns
Real Time Communication:- Driver assistance applications are time sensitive therefore security protocols should impose low processing overhead
Vehicular Network Scale:- With roughly billion vehicles,
the design of a facility that provides cryptographic keys is big challenge

59. What are the main Components in Security Architecture of IVC?
Event Data Recorder:- The EDR will be responsible for recording the vehicles critical data such as position, time, speed etc. EDR will also record all the received safety messages
Tamper Proof Device:- The TPD will store all the cryptographic materials and perform cryptographic operations like signing and verifying safety messages
Vehicular Public Key Infrastructure:- In VPKI infrastructure Certificate Authorities will issue certified public/private key pairs to vehicles

60. References

61. References