2. BILL WHITE Presents… VEHICULAR NETWORKING: A SURVEY AND TUTORIAL ON REQUIREMENTS, ARCHITECTURES, CHALLENGES, STANDARDS, AND SOLUTIONS GEORGIO KARAGIANNIS University of Twente, The Netherlands ONUR ALTINTAS Toyota InfoTechnology Center, Tokyo, Japan EYLEM EKICI Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio GEERT HEIJENK University of Twente, The Netherlands BOANGOAT JARUPAN Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio KENNETH LIN Booz-Allen- Hamilton, McLean, Virginia TIMOTHY WEIL Raytheon Polar Services, Centennial, Colorado

3. Infotainment (1 Hz, 500 ms latency) Point of Interest Notification Local Electronic Commerce Media Downloading Insurance Services Fleet Management Parking Zone Management VEHICULAR NETWORKING: APPLICATIONS Active Road Safety (10 Hz, 100 ms latency) Intersection Collision Warning Lane Change Assistance Overtaking Vehicle Warning Head-On/ Rear-End Collision Warning Emergency Vehicle Warning Cooperative Merging Assistance Traffic Efficiency & Management (10 Hz, 100 ms latency) Speed Limit Notification Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory Traffic Information Itinerary Recommend- ations Adaptive Cruise Control Synchronized Platooning

4. US-DOT INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Four subsystems corresponding to physical elements in transportation management systems.

5. WIRELESS ACCESS IN VEHICULAR ENVIRONMENTS (WAVE) The protocol layer suite for the ITS architecture.

6. JAPAN’S SMARTWAY PROJECT Vehicular positioning, mapping, and communication.

7. EUROPE’S CONTINUOUS AIR-INTERFACE LONG AND MEDIUM RANGE (CALM) PROJECT Includes specifications for how several existing standards may be used within the system, including cellular, infrared, 3G, WiFi, WiMAX, and satellite.

8. VEHICULAR NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES Geographical Addressing Risk AnalysisAnonymity and Privacy Data Trustworthiness Secure Localization Vehicular Communication Routing Delay Constraints Data Prioritization Data Route Reliability

9. VEHICULAR NETWORKING POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS Geographical Addressing Risk AnalysisAnonymity and Privacy Data Trustworthiness Secure Localization Vehicular Communication Routing Delay Constraints Data Prioritization Data Route Reliability Extend Unicast IP Routing To Deal With GPS Addresses Perform Regular Plausibility Checks Comparing Sensor Data To External Data Use Pseudonyms To Ensure That Senders Of Encrypted Messages Cannot Be Identified Use Tamper- Resistant Hardware And Secure Authentication Techniques Use Roadside Infrastructure To Verify Location Via Triangulation Exploit Mobility Info To Predict How Long A Path Will Last And Find A New Path Before Breakage Avoid Redundant Rebroadcasts That Could Slow Message Propagation Speed Apply Efficient Scheduling Strategies That Enable Delay- Aware Packet Transmissions Employ Protocols Spanning Network And Transport Layers To Support Both Real-Time And Multimedia