1. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 1 Science And Creation Dr. Heinz Lycklama heinz@osta.com www.osta.com/creation “If I have seen further than others, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” Isaac Newton. Frog + time (instantaneous) -> Prince = Fairy Tale Frog + time (300 million yrs.) -> Prince = Science Dr. Gish, ICR

2. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama2 Science and Creation What is science? Scientific method Origins – Evolution or Creation? Creation and Evolution models Which model best fits the facts? Basic predictions of the models Looking at the scientific evidence Origin of matter, energy and natural law 1 st and 2 nd Laws of Thermodynamics Origin of Man Origin of Life – Mathematical Probability Scientific Disciplines founded by Bible-believing Scientists

3. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama3 What Is Science? “Operational” Science Postulate theory -> make observations -> prove/falsify theory Using the Scientific Method “Origins” Science Were you there at the beginning? Model of Creation Model of Evolution Which model fits the observed facts best? “Forensic” science

4. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama4 Scientific Method Make observations Develop a hypothesis or theory that explains the observations Conduct experiments to test accuracy and predictions made by the theory Draw conclusions Repeat experiments to verify results and eliminate sources of inaccuracy Report results so others can repeat the experiment(s)

5. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama5 Origins - Evolution or Creation? “Science is the search for truth” Hypothesis, theory, model, law, or fact? Fact – proven to be true Law – no known exception Theory – testable, falsifiable, based on empirical findings Hypothesis – provisionally explains some fact Model – simplified representation of reality Which is Evolution? Creation? A model – let’s see why …

6. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama6 Models of Origins We can neither observe nor repeat “origins” Origins “theories” cannot be tested or proven We have two models (not theories) of origins Creation and Evolution Models can be compared as to their respective capacities for correlating observable data Evolutionists regard evolution as “a proven fact” They believe that evolutionism is science and that creationism is religion Evolutionists are unable to prove evolution Thousands of scientists believe in creation

7. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama7 Creation Model Involves a process of special creation in the beginning All the basic laws and categories of nature brought into existence by special creative processes which are no longer in operation today Distinct kinds exist today as they have existed in the past Processes of creation replaced by processes of conservation

8. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama8 Evolution Model Explains origin, development and meaning of all things in terms of natural laws and processes which operate today as they have in the past No extraneous processes requiring an external agent (i.e. a Creator) are permitted The universe in all respects evolves itself into higher levels of order (particles to people), elements -> complex chemicals -> simple living systems -> complex life -> man

9. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama9 Testing Origins Models Creation cannot be proved: Not happening now, so far as can be observed The scientific method cannot repeat Creation Cannot ascertain whether Creation took place (except through divine revelation) Evolution cannot be proved: Operates too slowly to be measurable, if it is taking place The scientific method cannot be used to measure it Small variations in organisms, observed today, are not relevant (can’t be used to distinguish between creation and evolution)

10. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama10 Which Model Best Fits The Facts? Creation and Evolution are the only two models of origins Both models should be considered as equal alternatives and evaluated objectively in terms of their relative abilities to correlate and explain scientific data The model that incorporates the most data and has the smallest number of unresolved issues is the most likely to be true

11. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama11 Looking At The Scientific Evidence Origin of matter, energy and natural law Origin of the solar system Teleology – study of evidences of design in nature, e.g. Anthropic Principle Classification of biological organisms Natural selection and mutations (vestigial organs)

12. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama12 More on the Scientific Evidence Origin of man Origin of life – probability The fossil record Geologic ages – Uniformitarianism vs. Catastrophism Age of the world (earth/universe)

13. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama13 #1 - Origin of Matter, Energy & Natural Law Evolution model predicts: Matter, energy and laws are still evolving Must have evolved in the past since there is no external agent to bring evolution to a stop Systems can evolve to higher levels of complexity Creation model predicts: Basic laws would not now be changing Fundamental nature of matter and energy would not now be changing Finished in the past, conserved in the present Matter should go from order to disorder

14. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama14 The Laws of Nature “ordinances of heaven and earth” Jer. 33:25 Everything in the universe is bound by laws Physics, chemistry, mathematics, life, logic Universal constants, planetary motion Laws of nature are uniform throughout the universe Explain the logical orderly state of the universe Consequences of laws of nature Laws require a law-giver Laws of nature are consistent with creation Laws of nature make science possible!

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16. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama16 More On The Natural Laws The first two laws of thermodynamics are constant: 1. The total energy of any system remains the same 2. The entropy of a system increases over time Other constant laws include: Law of gravity Conservation of momentum Conservation of electric charge Did natural laws evolve? There is no evidence of this Laws of nature are uniform throughout the cosmos

17. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama17 The 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics 2 nd Law - The entropy of a system increases with time Entropy is defined as “a measure of the quantity of energy not capable of conversion into work” 2 nd Law holds in the fields of classical thermodynamics (unavailability of energy for further work), statistical thermodynamics (decreased order of the system’s structure), as well as in informational thermodynamics (lost/distorted information) Creation predicts and is supported by the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics Let’s see what Dr. Gish [ICR] has to say …

18. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama18 Asimov’s Definition of 2 nd Law “Another way of stating the Second Law, then, is: ‘The universe is constantly getting more disorderly’.” Asimov, Isaac. 1970. In the game of energy and thermodynamics you can’t even break even. Smithsonian 1 (August): 10.

19. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama19 Asimov’s Definition of 2 nd Law “Viewed that way, we can see the Second Law all about us. We have to work hard to straighten a room, but left to itself, it becomes a mess again very quickly and very easily. Even if we never enter it, it becomes dusty and musty.”

20. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama20 Asimov’s Definition of 2 nd Law “In fact, all we have to do is nothing, and everything deteriorates, collapses, breaks down, wears out, all by itself – and that is what the Second Law is all about.”

21. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama21 More on the 2 nd Law All things left to themselves always tend to go from the complex to the simple, from the organized to the disorganized. Evolution would require just the opposite… the continual building up from the simplest to the more complex forms.

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23. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama23 The Biologist’s Problem “…the apparent contradiction by evolution of the second law of thermodynamics. Systems should decay through time, giving less, not more, order.” Lewin, Roger. 1982. A downward slope to great diversity. Science 217 (24 September):1239.

24. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama24 The Evolutionist’s Response “One legitimate response to this challenge is that life on earth is an open system with respect to energy and therefore the process of Evolution sidesteps the law’s demand for increasing disorder with time.”

25. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama25 Increasing Complexity Conditions for increasing complexity in an Open System: 1. Open system 2. Available energy Note: These two conditions are satisfied by all systems on earth Therefore, though necessary, they are not sufficient conditions

26. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama26 Storage Required 3. Mechanism for storing and converting incoming energy a. Photosynthesis in plants b. Metabolism in animals c. Machinery in artificial construction

27. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama27 Program Required 4. Program to “direct” the growth of complexity Examples: a. “Genetic code” in DNA of living systems b. “Plans and specifications” for construction of an artificial system

28. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama28 Conditions For Increasing Complexity in an Open System Necessary, but not sufficient conditions: 1. Open System 2. Available Energy Additional requirements: 3. Mechanism for storing and converting incoming energy 4. Program (to “direct” the growth of complexity)

29. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama29 #6 - The Origin of Man Evolution model predicts: Molecules -> man Man evolved from an ape-like ancestor Creation model predicts: Man’s appearance has remained largely the same

30. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama30 Famous “Hominid” Fossils Neanderthal Man – 1856 Java Man – 1891 Piltdown Man – 1908 Nebraska Man – 1922 Ramapithecus – 1930 Lucy - 1974

31. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama31 Neanderthal Man Fossil fragments first found in France – 1856 Skull cap and some limb bones Diagnosed as human with deformed vertebrae Neanderthal Man’s Site in Krapina, 1899-1999 Another almost complete skeleton found in 1908 Reconstructed by Marcelle Boule to look ape-like Based on pre-conceived evolutionary notions Faulty reconstruction recognized in 1957 Neanderthal is now known to be fully human with a bone deformity School textbooks still portray as man’s ancestor

32. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama32 Lucy Discovered in 1974 by Donald Johanson 40% complete skeleton Dated at 3.5 million years old Evidence: Arm/leg ratio of 83.9 % Hip/pelvis – walked upright Knee joint – walked upright Observations: Fingers long and curved (for climbing) Shoulder blade like gorilla Brain size of chimpanzee

33. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama33 Lucy - Reconstructed Digging deeper, we find that: Leg bone broken in two places and one end was crushed -> this invalidates the ratio Hip/pelvis was incomplete, and thus reshaped to make it look as if it walked upright Knee joint was found over one mile away and 200 feet deeper in strata from rest of bones Fossil remains of two different creatures fitted to form a make-believe creature

34. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama34 “For example, no scientist could logically dispute the proposition that man, without having been involved in any act of divine creation, evolved from some ape-like creature in a very short space of time – speaking in geological terms – without leaving any fossil traces of the steps of the transformation.” Zuckerman, Solly. 1971. Beyond the ivory tower: The frontiers of public and private science. New York: Taplinger Publishing Company. p. 64. Lord Zuckerman Chimes In

35. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama35 Summary of “Hominid” Fossils Neanderthal – accepted as homo sapiens Java Man – artificial construct Piltdown Man – proven to be a hoax Nebraska Man – an extinct pig Ramapithecus – an orangutan Lucy – make-believe creature Another one for the Creation Model!

36. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama36 #7 - Origin of Life - Probability What is the probability that an explosion in a junk yard would “create” a car? What is the probability of creating a Boeing airplane from such an explosion? What is the probability that 200 monkeys pawing away at a typewriter could “write” a Shakespearean play? What is the probability of a protein coming into being by chance?

37. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama37 Proteins and Amino Acids Amino acids A few thousand types Right- and left-handed Proteins - the building blocks of life Large organic molecule Contain 100’s to a few 1000 amino acids Specified long sequences of amino acids Contain 20 different left-handed amino acids Crucial protein fact Absence, addition, or replacement of a single amino acid in the structure of a protein causes protein to be useless

38. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama38 Probability of Forming one Protein Take 200 parts and line them up in a specific order 200! ways of aligning these parts = 10**375 Try a new alignment 1 billion times a second Assuming 20 billion years of time, we have 20 * 10**18 seconds The probability of finding the right alignment is practically zero, i.e. 1 in 10**356 Anything less than 1 in 10**50 is regarded as zero probability Living organisms contain many more than 200 parts Human being contains 60+ trillion cells Only 10**80 “infinestimal” particles in the whole universe

39. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama39 How Simple Can Life Be? Cell structure unknown by Darwin Smallest bacteria 482 genes 600 types of proteins 600,000 DNA base pairs Probability of chance formation is zero! Human genome 3,000,000,000 base pairs

40. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama40 Spontaneous Formation of Life? “The likelihood of the spontaneous formation of life from inanimate matter is one to a number with 40,000 noughts after it. It is big enough to bury Darwin and the whole theory of evolution. There was no primeval soup, neither on this planet nor on any other, and if the beginnings of life were not random, they must therefore have been the product of purposeful intelligence.” Wickramasinghe, professor of applied mathematics and astronomy, UK

41. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama41 Conclusions Laws of science consistent with Creationism Signs of intelligence in the universe The probability of life from non-life is zero Abrupt appearance of fully-formed animals The missing links are still missing Man did not evolve from apes Catastrophism explains the “geologic column” There is NO credible evidence for evolution! Science supports Creationism

42. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama42 Scientific Disciplines Established by Bible-Believing Scientists DisciplineScientist AstronomyJohann Kepler (1571-1630) BacteriologyLouis Pasteur (1822-1895) ChemistryRobert Boyle (1627-1691) Computer Science Charles Babbage (1792- 1871) DynamicsIsaac Newton (1642-1727) ElectrodynamicsClerk Maxwell (1831-1879)

43. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama43 Scientific Disciplines Established by Bible-Believing Scientists - 2 DisciplineScientist ElectromagneticsMichael Faraday (1791- 1867) Natural HistoryJohn Ray (1627-1705) OceanographyMatthew Maury (1806-1873) TaxonomyCarolus Linnaeus (1707- 1778) ThermodynamicsLord Kelvin (1824-1907)

44. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama44 Thank you for your attention! Dr. Heinz Lycklama heinz@osta.com www.osta.com/creation www.osta.com/apologetics

45. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama45 Backup Slides

46. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama46 Theory Criteria To apply scientific methodology, the theory must meet these criteria: Must be falsifiable or verifiable Must make quantifiable predictions Experimental results must be repeatable Must be as simplistic as possible with no unnecessary components (Occam’s Razor) Adherence to the methodology allows for self- correction and increases confidence in the assumptions made by scientific philosophy

47. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama47 Basic Predictions of The Models CategoryBasic Predictions of Evolution Model Basic Predictions of Creation Model Galactic universeGalaxies changingGalaxies constant Structure of starsStars changing into other typesStars unchanged Other heavenly bodiesBuilding upBreaking down Types of rock formationsDifferent in different “ages”Similar in all “ages" Appearance of lifeLife evolving from non-lifeLife only from life Array of organismsContinuum of organismsDistinct kinds of organisms Appearance of kinds of lifeNew kinds appearingNo new kinds appearing

48. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama48 Basic Predictions of The Models - 2 CategoryBasic Predictions of Evolution Model Basic Predictions of Creation Model Mutations in organismsBeneficialHarmful Natural selectionCreative processConservative process Fossil recordInnumerable transitionsSystematic gaps Appearance of manApe-human intermediatesNo ape-human intermediates Nature of manQuantitatively superior to animalsQualitatively distinct from animals Origin of civilizationSlow and gradualContemporaneous with man

49. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama49 The Laws of Physics Describe behavior of universe at its most fundamental level How the universe operates today How light propagates How energy is transported How gravity operates How mass moves through space Mathematical in nature F = ma[acceleration of mass] E = mc**2[conservation of energy]

50. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama50 The Laws of Physics - 2 Universal constants Strength of fundamental forces, e.g. gravity Mass of fundamental particles, e.g. electron Electromagnetic coupling constant makes molecules possible Anthropic Principle Laws of physics fine-tuned for human life Derived laws of physics and chemistry

51. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama51 Laws of Chemistry Life requires a specific chemistry Human body depends on chemical reactions Information stored on long molecule – DNA Laws of chemistry just right for life Depend on laws of physics Hydrogen and Oxygen react to form water Special properties, e.g. ice floats Elements organized into periodic table Properties of elements and compounds Outermost electrons determine physical characteristics of the atom

52. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama52 Conceptual Systems of Science Cause and Effect - an omnipotent Creator is an adequate cause for all observable effects in the universe Energy Conservation – energy can be converted from one form into another, but can neither be created nor destroyed Classification and Order - table of chemical elements, biological taxonomy, hierarchy of star types. All entities are in a state of flux in the evolution model Processes - all processes are well-defined and orderly. If not, there is no point to scientific study. Creation predicts “purpose” and “meaning” These systems all favor the creation model!

53. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama53 Conceptual Systems of Science - 2 Forces and Fields - types of forces in nature (electromagnetic, gravitational, nuclear and weak) have always acted the same from the beginning These forces did not evolve Environmental Interdependence – the environment coupled with natural selection constitutes a powerful mechanism to conserve the created kinds and balance of nature Energy Decay – changes always tend to go in a “downward” direction such that there results a net decrease in the “availability” of the converted energy for further useful work These systems all favor the creation model!

54. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama54 Laws of Planetary Motion Kepler discovered that planets in our solar system obey three laws of nature Planets orbit in ellipses Planets sweep out equal areas in equal times Exact mathematical relationship between planet’s distance from the sun and its orbital period, i.e. p**2 = a**3 Kepler’s laws also apply to orbit of moons Laws of planetary motion are derived from laws of gravity and motion (Newton)

55. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama55 Laws of Mathematics Laws of physics are highly mathematical in nature Would not work otherwise Laws and principles of mathematics Addition, multiplication, transitive, etc. Commutative properties of addition/multiplication Binomial theorem Laws of mathematics Abstract, not attached to any specific part of the universe A “transcendent truth”, not part of the physical universe “Mathematics is the language in which the gods talk to people.” Plato

56. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama56 Nature of Mathematical Laws Secular view of law of mathematics Cannot account for the laws Not part of the physical universe Christian view of law of mathematics God’s nature is logical and mathematical Any created universe is mathematical in nature There is a God beyond the universe Mathematics reflects the thoughts of God Mathematics illustrates God’s immutability Discovered by human beings, not invented “Thinking God’s thoughts after Him.” Kepler

57. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama57 Laws of Logic Transcendent truths Depended on by the laws of nature Law of non-contradiction Cannot have both “A” and “not A” at the same time and in the same relationship God cannot contradict Himself, Num. 23:19 Make reasoning possible God is logical Reflect God’s nature Man, created in God’s image, instinctively knows the laws of logic Secularist cannot account for these laws

58. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama58 Comments on 2 nd Law “… all real processes go toward a condition of greater probability. The probability function generally used in thermodynamics is entropy. … the smaller the number of possible arrangements the less the entropy. If there is only one place for each thing… the entropy is zero; if the system is highly random… the entropy is a large number. Thus orderliness is associated with low entropy; randomness with high entropy. In the systems we ordinarily study there are a large number of possible arrangements so the entropy is a large number. The second law of thermodynamics says that left to itself any isolated system will go toward greater entropy, which also means toward greater randomness and greater likelihood.” Blum, Harold 1955. Perspectives in Evolution, American Scientist 43.

59. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama59 Asimov’s Definition of 1 st Law “To express all this, we can say: ‘Energy can be transferred from one place to another,or transformed from one form to another, but it can be neither created nor destroyed’.” “Or we can put it another way: ‘The total quantity of energy in the universe is constant.’ When the total quantity of something does not change, we say that it is conserved.” “The two statements given above, then, are two ways of expressing ‘the law of conservation of energy.’ This law is considered the most powerful and most fundamental generalization about the universe that scientists have ever been able to make.”

60. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama60 More on the 2 nd Law Entropy (simplicity) increases in a closed system.

61. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama61 2 nd Law and Open Systems Entropy normally increases more rapidly in a system open to the influx of external energy

62. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama62 Insufficiency of External Energy “…the simple expenditure of energy is not sufficient to develop and maintain order. A bull in a china shop performs work, but he neither creates nor maintains organization. The work needed is particular work; it must follow specifications; it requires information on how to proceed.” Simpson, George. G., and William Beck. 1965. Life: An introduction to biology. 2d ed. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World Pub. Co. p. 466.

63. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama63 Ape-Like To Man? In a Science Digest article written by Lyall Watson, he states that: “The fossils that decorate our family tree are so scarce that there are still more scientists than specimens. The remarkable fact is that all the physical evidence we have for human evolution can still be placed, with room to spare, inside a single coffin.” David Pilbeam and Steven Gould (two evolutionists) report that: “Unfortunately, the fossil record of pongids (apes) is nonexistent, making a glaring deficiency in the whole story.”

64. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama64 Monkey Business Typing “Methinks it is like a weasel” from Shakespeare’s Hamlet using 27 keys Random typing by one monkey 1 in 27**28 or 1 in 10**40 Dawkins’ solution Fix each letter in place once correctly selected Type in only remaining letters Introduced “intelligence” Not random, but contrived!

65. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama65 Probability of Synthesis Of DNA Molecule: Medium protein includes about 300 amino acids Too complex to arise by chance [no matter how long the time or how big the universe] By gradual accretion System might advance from one part to a two-part system, then to three parts, etc. Requires each step to be immediately beneficial Probability of success would be incalculably small