1. What Is Demand? Ch. 4

2. Demand Demand- The willingness to buy a good or service and the ability to pay for it. Demand- The willingness to buy a good or service and the ability to pay for it. We have many wants, big house, car, expensive clothes, but we can’t always afford them. We have many wants, big house, car, expensive clothes, but we can’t always afford them. When we can’t afford them we have no actual demand When we can’t afford them we have no actual demand Actual Demand- having the desire and ability to pay for a good or service Actual Demand- having the desire and ability to pay for a good or service

3. Price Always Plays A Role In Demand Law of Demand- When prices go down, consumer demand usually rises. When prices go up demand usually goes down. Law of Demand- When prices go down, consumer demand usually rises. When prices go up demand usually goes down. Ex. PS3 costs $400.00 and their sales are down compared to XBOX 360 which costs $299.00. Sony is trying to compete with Microsoft by cutting prices Ex. PS3 costs $400.00 and their sales are down compared to XBOX 360 which costs $299.00. Sony is trying to compete with Microsoft by cutting prices

4. How does the law of demand apply to the game console wars between Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo? How does the law of demand apply to the game console wars between Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo?

5. Displaying The Law of Demand Demand Schedule- Shows how much of a good or service an individual/consumer is willing and able to purchase at each price in a market. Used by individual Demand Schedule- Shows how much of a good or service an individual/consumer is willing and able to purchase at each price in a market. Used by individual Market Demand Schedule- Lists how much of an item all consumers are wiling to purchase at each price. Used by businesses to set prices Market Demand Schedule- Lists how much of an item all consumers are wiling to purchase at each price. Used by businesses to set prices Demand schedules show individuals and Market schedules show groups Demand schedules show individuals and Market schedules show groups

6. Why do markets behave the same way as individuals? Ans- Because markets are made up of individual consumers. Ans- Because markets are made up of individual consumers.

7. Refer to Text pg 102-103 Demand Curve- graphically shows data from a demand schedule Demand Curve- graphically shows data from a demand schedule Market Demand Curve- graphically shows data from Market Demand Schedule. Market Demand Curve- graphically shows data from Market Demand Schedule.

8. Sect. 2 What Factors Affect Demand? What influences you when you decide to buy a good or service? What influences you when you decide to buy a good or service? Why do you think the demand schedule curve slopes downwards? Why do you think the demand schedule curve slopes downwards? What influences you when purchasing goods and services? What influences you when purchasing goods and services?

9. Diminishing Marginal Utility States the marginal benefit of using one more unit of a product each time drops as we use more. States the marginal benefit of using one more unit of a product each time drops as we use more. Refresher, Utility is the benefit we get from using a good or service. Refresher, Utility is the benefit we get from using a good or service.

10. Example You are hungry and decide to go to Arby’s. You would normally buy one meal to satisfy your hunger. Each additional meal you buy will lead to less personal benefit and a sick stomach. You are hungry and decide to go to Arby’s. You would normally buy one meal to satisfy your hunger. Each additional meal you buy will lead to less personal benefit and a sick stomach.

11. Example Continued Because you receive less satisfaction from purchasing more than one meal the consumer expects the price to drop as well. Hence, the 5 for $5 Dollar Deal at Arby’s Because you receive less satisfaction from purchasing more than one meal the consumer expects the price to drop as well. Hence, the 5 for $5 Dollar Deal at Arby’s

12. This creates the downward slope on the demand curve which we call diminishing marginal utility This creates the downward slope on the demand curve which we call diminishing marginal utility Refer to chart on page 107 Refer to chart on page 107

13. Two patterns cause consumers to buy less at higher prices Income Effect- change in the amount a person will buy because the purchasing power of their income changes Income Effect- change in the amount a person will buy because the purchasing power of their income changes Ex. You want to buy a video game. One is $30 and the other game costs $50. Buying the $30 game makes you feel twenty bucks richer. If the overall price of all games would rise to $50, you would buy less games. Ex. You want to buy a video game. One is $30 and the other game costs $50. Buying the $30 game makes you feel twenty bucks richer. If the overall price of all games would rise to $50, you would buy less games.

14. Substitution Effect- a change in the amount that consumers will buy because they buy the substitute product instead. Substitution Effect- a change in the amount that consumers will buy because they buy the substitute product instead. Ex. Post Raisin Bran and Great Value Raisin Bran. Ex. Post Raisin Bran and Great Value Raisin Bran.

15. Example You go to the mall to buy an $80 pair of shoes. You find a pair of shoes on sale for $55 dollars. You go to the mall to buy an $80 pair of shoes. You find a pair of shoes on sale for $55 dollars. You substitute similar good for a cheaper version You substitute similar good for a cheaper version Give a real world of example of how the substitution effect causes consumers to buy less at higher prices Give a real world of example of how the substitution effect causes consumers to buy less at higher prices

16. Change In Quantity Demanded This is where the amount demanded by the consumer either increases or decreases with price This is where the amount demanded by the consumer either increases or decreases with price Refer to chart on page 108 Refer to chart on page 108 How would a demand curve on a demand schedule and market schedule differ? How would a demand curve on a demand schedule and market schedule differ? Ans. Market takes into consideration larger quantities due to looking at the whole market Ans. Market takes into consideration larger quantities due to looking at the whole market

17. 6 Factors That Change Demand Change in demand occurs when something prompts consumers to buy different amounts at every price Change in demand occurs when something prompts consumers to buy different amounts at every price Factor 1- Income- when a person’s income goes up or down the amount of purchases will go up or down Factor 1- Income- when a person’s income goes up or down the amount of purchases will go up or down Make less $ demand less Make less $ demand less

18. Most times the more you make the demand goes up. Goods that fall into this category are normal goods Most times the more you make the demand goes up. Goods that fall into this category are normal goods Normal Goods- goods consumers demand more when income rises Normal Goods- goods consumers demand more when income rises Some goods the demand decreases when income rises Some goods the demand decreases when income rises Inferior Goods- goods you want less of when income rises Inferior Goods- goods you want less of when income rises

19. Example of Inferior Goods Before pay raise you rented an apartment. With your new job and a higher salary you decide to buy a home. Before pay raise you rented an apartment. With your new job and a higher salary you decide to buy a home.

20. Factor 2 Market Size Deals with the number of consumers within a market Deals with the number of consumers within a market Ex. A college town- during school months the market for restaurants and fast food increases. During the summer months demand changes due to students going home for the summer. Ex. A college town- during school months the market for restaurants and fast food increases. During the summer months demand changes due to students going home for the summer.

21. Pop. Shifts or migration can effect market size and demand Pop. Shifts or migration can effect market size and demand Ex. Beaver Counties population in 1970 was 208,418 and in 2006 was 177,736 Ex. Beaver Counties population in 1970 was 208,418 and in 2006 was 177,736 With the collapse of the steel industry came a drastic drop in pop. This has led to a smaller market place in the county With the collapse of the steel industry came a drastic drop in pop. This has led to a smaller market place in the county Decrease in pop.= less demand for goods and services Decrease in pop.= less demand for goods and services

22. Factor 3 Consumer Tastes If a good or service is popular, people buy it at any price. Once it loses popularity price goes down. If a good or service is popular, people buy it at any price. Once it loses popularity price goes down. What could influence a rise in consumer popularity? What could influence a rise in consumer popularity? Advertising pays a key role in this factor. Advertisers are looking to create demand for a product Advertising pays a key role in this factor. Advertisers are looking to create demand for a product

23. Factor 4 Consumer Expectations Do you think the best price to buy a good or service is now or in the future? If its in the future, you may wait to buy the product. This causes a rise in demand at a later date. Do you think the best price to buy a good or service is now or in the future? If its in the future, you may wait to buy the product. This causes a rise in demand at a later date. Ex. I-Phone- A couple of years from now the demand will increase and prices will drop Ex. I-Phone- A couple of years from now the demand will increase and prices will drop

24. Example Cars are usually cheaper in the summer because dealerships are trying to make room on the lot for the newer models that arrive in the fall. Cars are usually cheaper in the summer because dealerships are trying to make room on the lot for the newer models that arrive in the fall.

25. Factor 5 Substitutes These are goods and services that can be used in place of each other. They are interchangeable. These are goods and services that can be used in place of each other. They are interchangeable. Ex. Price of gas is over $3 a gallon. You decide to take public transportation instead of driving. Demand for public transportation goes up and personal consumption of gas goes down Ex. Price of gas is over $3 a gallon. You decide to take public transportation instead of driving. Demand for public transportation goes up and personal consumption of gas goes down

26. You are substituting public transit for your own car You are substituting public transit for your own car Demand for the substitute increases= drops in demand for the original Demand for the substitute increases= drops in demand for the original Heating Oil price increases, which may lead to people substituting a wood burner for a oil furnace Heating Oil price increases, which may lead to people substituting a wood burner for a oil furnace

27. Factor 6 Complements When the use of one product increases, an accessory or accompanying product of the original increases When the use of one product increases, an accessory or accompanying product of the original increases Ex. DVD Players and DVDS Ex. DVD Players and DVDS Ex. HD TVs and HD cable service Ex. HD TVs and HD cable service

28. Section 3 What is Elasticity of Demand? Price and Demand go hand and hand Price and Demand go hand and hand Price, consumer buying habit, and the importance of the good or service play a key role in demand. Price, consumer buying habit, and the importance of the good or service play a key role in demand. Price increase does not always change demand Price increase does not always change demand Consumers respond to price change and we measure this with elasticity of demand Consumers respond to price change and we measure this with elasticity of demand

29. Elasticity of Demand It measures how responsive consumers are to price change. How flexible will their wallets and buying habits be? It measures how responsive consumers are to price change. How flexible will their wallets and buying habits be? Ex. Elastic Band Ex. Elastic Band Demand can be elastic or inelastic Demand can be elastic or inelastic

30. Elastic Demand Demand is elastic when price change of a good or service drives demand way up or way down Demand is elastic when price change of a good or service drives demand way up or way down Ex. If the price of a Dell Computer drops by 10% and demand increases by 20%, this means this good is elastic. Ex. If the price of a Dell Computer drops by 10% and demand increases by 20%, this means this good is elastic. When price rises 10% people decide to buy a substitute product. An HP computer When price rises 10% people decide to buy a substitute product. An HP computer Products that have lots of substitutes are usually elastic Products that have lots of substitutes are usually elastic

31. Inelastic Demand If quantity demanded changes little as price goes up or down. If quantity demanded changes little as price goes up or down. Price has little impact on inelastic products. Price has little impact on inelastic products. Usually have few if any substitute products Usually have few if any substitute products Ex. Price of Milk Ex. Price of Milk

32. Overtime Elasticity of A Product Can Change The more substitutes for the original the are made overtime, then the more elastic a product may become. The more substitutes for the original the are made overtime, then the more elastic a product may become. This can change price and demand. This can change price and demand. Ex. Hybrid Cars- Right now there are not many options. In the future, there will be more substitute versions. Ex. Hybrid Cars- Right now there are not many options. In the future, there will be more substitute versions.

33. Refer to charts showing elastic and inelastic demand Refer to charts showing elastic and inelastic demand Elastic curves bow Elastic curves bow Inelastic curves show no change Inelastic curves show no change

34. Unit Elastic- when percentage change in price and demand are the same Unit Elastic- when percentage change in price and demand are the same Ex. Price rises 5% and quantity demand falls 5% Ex. Price rises 5% and quantity demand falls 5% Unit Elastic is the middle ground between elastic and inelastic Unit Elastic is the middle ground between elastic and inelastic

35. 3 Factors That Affect Elasticity of Demand Factor 1- Substitute Goods or Services Factor 1- Substitute Goods or Services The more options or substitutes you have for the consumer, the more elastic the good The more options or substitutes you have for the consumer, the more elastic the good The fewer substitutes, the more inelastic a good or service becomes The fewer substitutes, the more inelastic a good or service becomes

36. Factor 2 Proportion of Income- the percentage of our income you spend on goods or services affects elasticity. Proportion of Income- the percentage of our income you spend on goods or services affects elasticity. Ex. You spend 10% of your income on video games. Price of games rises, you buy less games. This leads to more elastic demand. You will look for other options or substitutes for that product Ex. You spend 10% of your income on video games. Price of games rises, you buy less games. This leads to more elastic demand. You will look for other options or substitutes for that product

37. Example You spend a smaller percentage of income on a Sunday paper. Price of the paper rises, but you still buy that paper. You spend a smaller percentage of income on a Sunday paper. Price of the paper rises, but you still buy that paper. There are few subs for that paper and it is a small percentage of your income spent. There are few subs for that paper and it is a small percentage of your income spent. This leads to a more inelastic demand. This leads to a more inelastic demand. Income Rises=Demand Up Income lowers=demand down Income Rises=Demand Up Income lowers=demand down

38. Factor 3 Necessities VS Luxuries Necessities are inelastic. You need them and price rise does not matter. Food, water and shelter Necessities are inelastic. You need them and price rise does not matter. Food, water and shelter You still have to buy them, but you may buy a little less. You still have to buy them, but you may buy a little less. Your change in demand will still be smaller than the price hike, so it remains inelastic Your change in demand will still be smaller than the price hike, so it remains inelastic

39. Luxuries you don’t need. Luxuries you don’t need. There are many substitutes for luxury items, which creates an elastic demand for those goods There are many substitutes for luxury items, which creates an elastic demand for those goods

40. Calculating Elasticity of Demand Businesses calculate Elasticity of Demand to set prices for goods and services Businesses calculate Elasticity of Demand to set prices for goods and services Elastic Prices- businesses may cut prices to make more profit and create more demand. Ex. Faygo Pop vs Pepsi Elastic Prices- businesses may cut prices to make more profit and create more demand. Ex. Faygo Pop vs Pepsi Inelastic Prices- price cuts won’t help, you don’t have to worry about substitute goods or services Inelastic Prices- price cuts won’t help, you don’t have to worry about substitute goods or services

41. To determine Elasticity of Demand economists look to see if percentage in quantity demanded by consumers is greater than the percentage change in price To determine Elasticity of Demand economists look to see if percentage in quantity demanded by consumers is greater than the percentage change in price

42. Formula- Elasticity of Demand Original Quantity- New Quantity STEP 1 Original Quantity- New Quantity Original Price X 100= = Percentage Change in Demand STEP 2 Original Price- New Price Percentage Change in Price X 100= = Percentage Change in Price

43. STEP3 %Change in Quantity STEP3 %Change in Quantity % Change in Price = Elasticity If the final number is greater than 1, the demand is elastic. Less than 1, it is inelastic.

44. Economists calculate Total Revenue (money made selling a good or service) to measure elasticity Economists calculate Total Revenue (money made selling a good or service) to measure elasticity Price X Quantity Sold = Total Revenue Price X Quantity Sold = Total Revenue You can look at the results of revenue by plugging in different prices X quantity sold. You can look at the results of revenue by plugging in different prices X quantity sold. This is known as the Total Revenue Test This is known as the Total Revenue Test