1. Lesson 7-1 The “Marketplace”
Consumers influence the price of goods in a market economy.
-A market represents actions between buyers and sellers.

2. Voluntary Exchange
The seller sets the price.
The buyer agrees to the product and price through the act of purchasing product.
Supply and demand analysis is a model of how buyers and sellers behave in the marketplace

3. Graphing the Demand Curve
A demand schedule is a table of prices and the quantity demanded at each price.
Lists quantity demanded are different prices.
A demand curve graphs the quantity demanded of a good or service at each possible price.

4. Demand
Demand: the amount of a good or service that buyers are willing and able to buy at different prices at a given time
*Demand does not mean desire or want

5. Law of Demand
Law of demand: also called the price effect- people will buy less of a good at a higher price and more of a good at a lower price (price goes up, quantity demanded goes down)
1. real income effect- as price goes up people can’t afford to buy as much (Buying power- you can get more at a lower price)
2. Diminishing personal value- as price goes up, it might seem less important to have
3. Diminishing marginal utility- (marginal= additional, utility= usefulness)
-point when next additional item consumed is less satisfying than the previous
4. substitution effect- as price goes up people find other alternatives to the good

6. Change in quantity demanded (the price effect)
price- if price goes up the quantity demanded goes down (demand does not change)

7. Changes in Demand
1.Population (number of buyers)- if the number of buyers increases, demand will increase
2.buyers’ incomes- increase/decrease in income will change demand
In general, if income goes up, demand for all things goes up
Ex. If I earn more I might trade in my Mitsubishi and buy a BMW (My demand for expensive things goes up or I might by two cars; I’ll also buy more tater tots)

8. 3. tastes- changes in taste affects demand 4. related goods
Ex. A music group becomes popular- demand for their merchandise increases. If they lose their popularity, demand decreases.
4. related goods
Complements- two goods that are used together. ( camera and film, tires and cars)
Price of product goes down the demand for its complement will increase. Ex. If hot dogs go on sale, people will probably buy more hot dog buns. ( Because they are buying more hotdogs)
substitutes- good that can be used in place of another good
ex. Pepsi and Coke, butter and Margarine
If the price of a good increases the demand of a substitute increases.

9. 5. expectations- if people expect the price of a good to increase, demand for that good will probably go up (people rush in to buy it at the current price expecting prices to go up)
6. Changes in weather or season- some products are seasonal
Ex. Demand for snow blowers goes up after snow storms

10. The Price Elasticity of Demand
Elastic demand: change in price of product will bring about a big change in the amount demanded
bigger % of budget= more elastic
when more substitutes are available= more elastic
- something has elastic demand when the change in quantity demanded is larger than the change in price ( ex. The price rises by 2% but the quantity demanded drops by 10%)
 Ex. Luxury items people can do with out. Most people have a set limit on what they’ll pay for let’s say a snowmobile. If the price goes over that people won’t buy them)

11. Inelastic demand: change in price will bring about little or no change in demand (ex. Toothpaste. Even if the price of toothpaste doubles, people will still buy the same amount. If the price of motorcycles doubled would people still buy them?)

12. Lesson 7-3 The Law of Supply
Supply is the willingness and ability of producers to provide goods to the consumer.
As prices rise, the quantity supplied generally rises.
As prices fall, the quantity supplied falls.
A direct relationship exists between price and quantity supplied.

13. The incentive of Greater Profits
Increase in price and increase in production leads to an increase in profits
Higher prices encourage more competitors to join the market.
Higher prices turn potential suppliers into actual suppliers, adding to total output.

14. The Supply Curve
Graphs and table can explain the law of supply.
A supply schedule shows the quantity supplied at each given price.
A supply curve graphs the quantities supplied at each possible price.
The relationship between quantity and price is direct and always moving in the same direction

15. Quantity Supplied Vs. Supply
A change in quantity supplied is caused by a change in price.
Something other than price can cause a change in supply as a whole to increase or decrease.

16. The Determinants of Supply
The price of inputs, or the cost of production-raw materials, wages, insurance, utilities, etc- can cause increase in supply.
Competition, or the number of companies in an industry, can cause an increase in supply.
An increase in taxes can cause a decrease in supply.
An improvement in technology, or the science used to develop new products or methods of production and distribution, can cause an increase in supply.

17. The Law of Diminishing Returns
Adding units to increase production increases total output for a limited time period.
The extra output for each additional until will eventually decrease.
Businesses will continue to add units of factor of production until doing so no longer increase revenue

18. Lesson 7-4 Equilibrium Price
In the real world, demand and supply work together.
The price at which the supply meets the demand- where the two curves intersect- is the equilibrium price

19. Shifts in Equilibrium Price
If the demand curve shifts due to something other than price, the equilibrium price will change.
If the supply curve shifts due to something other than price, the equilibrium price will change.

20. Prices Serve as Signals
Rising prices signal producers to make more and consumers to purchase less.
Falling prices signal producers to make less and consumers to purchase more.
Shortages occur when the quantity demanded (at equilibrium price) is greater than quantity supplied.
Surpluses occur when the quantity supplied (at equilibrium price) is greater than quantity demanded.
Market forces can cause the prices to rise or fall to correct shortages and surpluses.

21. Price Controls
Price ceilings are a maximum price set by the government to prevent goods from going above certain levels.
Items in short supply might be rationed.
Shortages can lead to a black market, or illegal places to purchase such products at exorbitant prices.
Price floors are minimum prices also set by the government to prevent prices from going below a certain level.
Price floors set minimum wage levels and support agricultural prices.