1. TODAYS GOALS Continue discussion of document design related to scholarly articles and research reports Learn basic strategies for incorporating data and graphs into informative writing Compare results of your publication analyses

2. PEER REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS Scholarly ArticlesResearch Reports Usually focused on a thesis question Appropriate for humanities/social sciences as well as math, science, engineering, etc. Will often attempt to link findings with real world applications/situations May have an abstract. If not, it will usually have a brief introduction Usually focused on a thesis question or experiment Usually used for math, science, engineering, or hard science topics (although there are exceptions) Uses a very narrow angle of vision that focuses only on the experiment MUST have an abstract

3. PUBLICATION STYLE COMPARISONS Scholarly ArticleResearch Report MLA or APA depending on subject matter Professional and pedantic language. Serious tone Subject based subheadings Little to no attention paid to engaging reader Some explanation of methodology Usually uses tables and graphs although occasionally a small number of pictures will be used if they are very relevant APA format Professional and pedantic language. Serious tone Research/APA based subheadings No attention paid to entertainment or engaging reader Will discuss methodology and possible future research in depth No pictures or images; only uses tables and graphs to showcase information

4. NewspapersMagazinesScholarly Articles Research Reports Document design Many columns (2+) Short paragraphs Topic subheadings Small number of columns Topic subheadings Small number of columns (1- 2) Topic subheadings 1-2 columns Research based subheadings Importance of credentials and abstract Visual Rhetoric Nut graphs Single image, usually authentic Eye- catching colors Many images and graphs Few images Many graphs illustrating data No images Many graphs illustrating data Writing style Importance of lead and hook Short sentences Professional, formal, serious Colloquial Importance of hook Varies greatly by publication Shorter sentences Professional, serious Advanced, academic language Longer sentences Does not try to capture reader attention Professional, serious Advanced, academic language Longer sentences Does not try to capture reader attention

5. IA EXAMPLE GUIDELINES Newspaper Article IA Sample 5-Washington Post (Document design and layout) IA Sample 1-Miami Herald (Use of images) Magazine Article IA Sample 9- Game Informer IA Sample 10-Athlon Sports Web Article IA Sample 8-Discover News Research Report IA Sample 4-Journal of Ethnobiology Scholarly Article IA Sample 7-Feminist Review IA Sample 2-American Psychologist

6. STYLE - REVIEW Consider style as a tool for explaining genre Style factors: Sentence structure: long or short? Varied or monotonous? Types of words: pedantic or colloquial? Abstract or concrete? Voice or Persona: 1 st or 3 rd person? Expert or layperson? Tone: Formal or informal? Humorous or serious? Review on pg. 68 if necessary Secondary Style factor: Research discussion Different publications will have different styles for discussing research and may vary in their use of 1 st vs 3 rd person, passivization, and linguistic distance from the performed methods

7. PRIMARY RESEARCH GOALS InterviewsSurveysObservation General Data Type: Qualitative: produces quotes to use in article Quantitative: produces data and statistics, often percentages Quantitative and qualitative: can include statistics as well as descriptive observations Requirement: (Note: these are the minimum and more will often be preferred) Use at least two quotes from each interviewee Use at least one specific data point (from a single question) and one combined data point (comparing multiple questions) Use at least one quantitative data point and one qualitative data point All research types must utilize at least one graph or graphic illustrating research results in their informative article

8. PRIMARY RESEARCH STRATEGIES Do not list out survey/interview questions and their results Do not include the answers/results to every survey/interview question Economy of information is important! Overwhelming your readers with useless data takes the focus away from your useful data Only focus on data that is useful and supports your thesis However, your thesis should be adjusted to align with research results Keep in mind that no research method is infallible Our results suggest phenomena but do not prove them Causation is extremely difficult to prove

9. GRAPHS Pie/Circle Graphs- useful for presenting percentages or parts of a whole. Very commonly used in informative writing and has great visual appeal (Also helpful for interview results). Easily created with Excel Bar Graph- useful for comparing values that are not part of a whole, especially when multiple values are used. Easily created with Excel Line Graph- useful for showing trends over time. Commonly used in newspapers as well as research reports. Easily created with Excel Nut Graph- the newspaper style text box that is used to highlight or summarize important information. Created as an insert table (1x1) in Word

10. GROUP ACTIVITY: REVISING A POOR GRAPH In your unit 3 groups Examine the graph on page 288 and answer the following questions: 1.Identify at least 3 problems with the graph 2.Suggest revisions for an optimal version of this graph to display the information in the most rhetorically effective way Old Textbook p. 754

11. CAUSATION AND CORRELATION Correlation does not prove causation! In research writing, it is ok to identify correlations, but we must be very careful when discussing causation Correlation : statistical term for the probability that two events or phenomena will occur together There are three main ways to support for causation: 1.Causality induced from a recurring pattern 1.Ex: many anorexic patients come from perfectionist, highly work-oriented homes that emphasize duty and responsibility 2.Causality hypothesized from correlations 1.Ex: the percentage of left-handed people within a sample of highly creative people is much higher than the percentage of left handed people in the general population 3.Causality demonstrated through experimental control of variables However, with all of these examples, we must be on the lookout for other causal factors that might have led to the same outcome. Identifying possible alternate causes while still arguing for your own can increase your ethos as a researcher What might some of the other causal factors be in the above examples?

12. CORRELATION A correlation coefficient will usually be between -1 and 1 A negative correlation indicates an inverse relationship; as one variable increases the other decreases A correlation of zero indicates there is no correlation between the two variables A positive correlation indicates that as one variable increases so does the other

13. CORRELATION IN EXCEL List two series of variables in side by side columns Select Insert  Scatterplot to create the basic graph Select Design  Add Chart Element  Trendline  Linear You may also have to go to Format  Current Selection  Select Trendline  Format selection on chart and select “Display equation on chart” (For older versions of Excel)You may also have to go to Layout  Trendline  More trendline options and select “Display equation on chart” This will generate a formula in slope intercept format y=mx+b The coefficient ‘m’ is the correlation coefficient

14. GROUP ACTIVITY: ANALYZING RESULTS In your unit 3 groups Do the “Analyzing Results” activity on page 290 Old textbook p. 756

15. GROUP ACTIVITY: PUBLICATION COMPARISON In your unit 3 groups Share the results of your Minor Essay 3: Publication Analysis, focusing on the general publication style, visual rhetoric, and document design strategies (rather than the article summaries) Answer the following questions: 1.What visual rhetoric and document design strategies do these publication types share? (For media project groups, which example best fits what your project will look like and why?) 2.What is one unique strategy employed by each publication? (per student) 3.List the publications in order from formal and pedantic to informal and colloquial, and give one reason or example why each publication was given its position

16. HOMEWORK Informative Article First Draft Due Friday 7/10 500+ words Should include primary research results and 2+ secondary sources Focus on visual rhetoric, document design, and introduction