1. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Teachers, Schools, and Society A Brief Introduction to Education David Miller Sadker Karen R. Zittleman 4.0 Chapter 5

2. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICA’S SCHOOLS 5.1 Middle/High Schools (1950s-Present) 16001700180019002000 Dame Schools (1600) Local Schools (1600s-1800s) Tutors (1600-1900) Itinerant Schools (1700s) Spec Ed Private Schools (1700s-1800s) Common Schools (1830-Present) Latin Grammar Schools (1600s-1700s) English Grammar Schools (1700s) Academies (1700s-1800s) High Schools (1800s-Present) Junior High Schools (1909-Present)

3. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES: SEVENTEENTH CENTURY Colonial America Informal family education, apprenticeships, dame schools, tutors 1635 Boston Latin Grammar School – Puritan prep school for wealthy boys, pay tuition, learn Latin/Greek, study the classics, later other subjects 1636 Harvard College – formed to prepare ministers, first college in America 1647 Old Deluder Satan Law – (Massachusetts by Puritans) required schools and teachers of towns of at least 50 households, towns of 100 houses prepare for university, (create scripture reading citizens to “thwart” Satan) *Some education of the non-wealthy – signing of “Pauper’s Oath, Blacks generally denied education, girls readied for role of good Christian wives and mothers with limited education 5.2 Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.

4. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Colonial America Geographical Trends Influence Education Regional Trends Northern Colonies – influenced by Puritans: community schools dedicated to teaching the Bible Middle Colonies – more diverse, led to “tossed salad” of Puritans, Catholics, Mennonites, Dutch, Swedes support development of capitalism Southern Colonies – plantation economy with slaves, wealthy tutoring at home and college in Europe, influenced by Anglican Church 5.3

5. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES: EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Development of a national interest in education, state responsibility for education, growth in secondary education 1740 South Carolina denies education to blacks – are considered property 1751 Opening of the Franklin Academy in Philadelphia – by late 1700’s most important secondary school in America, free of religious influence, more of a comprehensive curriculum, accept all who could pay the tuition. Concept grows with Thomas Jefferson as President questioning colonial assumptions. 1783 Noah Webster’s American Spelling Book – he who creates texts and reference books, guides society and writes history 1785, 1787 Land Ordinance Act, Northwest Ordinance – federal government required a section of land dedicated to educational purposes. “Religion, morality, and knowledge are necessary for good government and happiness of mankind, therefore schools and the means of education shall be forever encouraged.” 5.4 Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.

6. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES: NINETEENTH CENTURY Increasing role of public secondary schools, increased but segregated education for women and minorities, attention to the field of education and teacher preparation 1821 Emma Willard’s Troy Female Seminary opens, first endowed secondary school for girls. 1821 First public high school opens in Boston. 1823 First (private) normal school opens in Vermont – typically a 2 year school training elementary teachers 1827 Massachusetts requires public high schools. 1837 Horace Mann (father of the public school) becomes secretary of board of education in Mass. 5.5 Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.

7. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES: NINETEENTH CENTURY 1839 First public normal school in Lexington, Massachusetts- 2 year schools prepare teachers in pedagogy 1855 First kindergarten (German language) in United States in Wisconsin 1862 Morrill Land Grant College Act - The Land-Grant College Act of 1862, introduced by Sen. Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont, provided funding for institutions of higher learning in each state (1886 Winthrop College, 1893 is a Normal School) 1891 10th amendment of the constitution of the United States – “Powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” - Education 1896 Plessey v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision supporting racially separate but equal schools but are not equal –Mississippi spending- $5.02 for whites $1.10 for blacks, example of de jure segregation along with “Jim Crow laws 1876-1965; North has de facto segregation resulting from housing patterns 4.6

8. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Horace Mann (1848) -Advocate of free education for all citizens- Father of the Public Schools Not educating youth is comparable to infanticide! The right to education is a divine right! Children are the “raw material” ready to be educated, religiously and otherwise. If a child is “trained” right, he/she will grow up to be morally exceptional and an asset to society! Advocated free public schools for all – change of educational philosophy for America – change in axiological basis of education in America 5.7

9. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES: TWENTIETH CENTURY Increasing federal support for educational rights of poor, females, minorities, and disabled; increased federal funding of specific (categorical) education programs 1909 First junior high school in Berkeley, California 1919 Progressive education programs 1932 New Deal education programs 1944 G.I. Bill of Rights 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court decision outlawing racial segregation in schools 1957 Sputnik leads to increased federal education funds. 1958 National Defense Education Act funds science, math, and foreign language programs. 1964 Title VI passed to authorize withholding federal funds to force desegregation 1964—1965 Job Corps and Head Start are funded. 5.8 Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.

10. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES: TWENTIETH CENTURY (CONTINUED) 1964—1965 Job Corps and Head Start are funded. 1972 Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in schools. 1975, 1991 Public Law 94-142, Education for All Handicapped Children Act (renamed the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act), is passed. 1979 Cabinet-level Department of Education is established. 2001 No Child Left Behind Act calls for state standards and annual testing. 5.9 Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.

11. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. JOHN DEWEY One of the most influential educators of the 20 th century - Progressivism Of 1920’S & 1930’s To “learn from experience” is to make a backward and forward connection between what we do to things and what we enjoy or suffer from things in consequence. 5.10 Source: Some Favorite Quotes from John Dewey, http://cuip.uchicago.edu/~cac/dewey.html

12. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. John Dewey Progressive Education Another shift in epistemology and axiology that has a dramatic effect on pedagogy Broadened purposes of school to include issues of health concerns, family-community, vocational Research in psychology and social (soft sciences) Established a more democratic approach including the needs and interests of diversity in students and society Learning by doing, experiential, student centered video 4.11

13. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Criticisms of Progressive Education Deemed more effective than former educational approaches, (8 Year Study)-however criticism grows Viewed as atheistic and un-American (questioning the axiological basis of Progressive Education) Rise of communist Soviet Union post WW II, “McCarthyism” Criticism also from extreme “right” calling for rigor and emphasis in math and science, especially after Sputnik in 1957 then National Defense Act of 1958 another shift in educational philosophy 4.12

14. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. THE GROWTH OF THE U.S. SCHOOL Year 14 to 17 Year-Olds in School (Percentage of Total) 18906.7 191015.4 193051.4 195076.8 197092.7 198091.0 199094.0 200095.7 5.13 Source: Projections of Education Statistics to 2000, U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, NCES 89-948.

15. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 20 th Century Multiculturalism Hispanics (Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Mexican) Asian and Pacific Islanders Chinese Filipino Asian Indian Japanese Southeast Asian Arabs (Christians and Moslems) 4.14

16. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Continued Challenges to Equality in the 21 st Century Funding, funding, funding Multicultural education (multi-lingual) Tracking (homogeneous grouping) Access to enhanced curriculum (Honors, AP, IB) Teacher preparation Controversy with local, state, federal control Varied National priorities Increasing poverty – economic gaps Cities vs. suburbs vs. rural - demographics Special Education Vocational Training Other? 4.15

17. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. End EDUC 110 Dr. Jackson 4.16