1. Four decades of windpower development: some ‘value sensitive design’ lessons Frans A. van der Loo Brussels 22 november 2013

2. The context Dutch innovation policy: Energy topsector Bio-energy Energy efficiency buildings Energy efficiency industry Gas Smart Grids Windpower Offshore Solar energy NWO Research programme ‘Responsible innovation’ Shale gas Smart grids Windpower Offshore Green production, etc. ‘Embedding social responsibility in the design of offshore wind energy systems’ TU Delft, prof.dr. Rolf Künneke e.a. (university) TKI-Windoffshore, NWEA e.a. (industry)

3. Content Wind onshore - from niche to system-innovation (1973-2013) - technical and procedural design - the lessons Wind offshore - large-scale implementation 2030 - impact and acceptability Value sensitive design - some lessons

4. Wind onshore: the system 123123 2450 MW stand-alone windfarm

5. Wind onshore: technical design 75 kW 600 kW 7500 kW Impact: -visual -noise -shadow

6. Wind onshore: procedural design Policy phase LabelInitiativeCharacteristics 1 1980-1995 Stand-alone/ StartersFarmer Project developer Kitchen-table Permit no problem Ownership in backyard ‘Technical’ process 2 1995-2010 Spatial planningRegional/Local authority Spatial plan Regional ‘Wind-map’ Policy process (BLOW) 3 2010-now Upscaling & Concentration Public-Private partnership More power, less turbines Partner, not owner Cooperation/Participation Wind-banking

7. Wind onshore: the value drivers Clean&Reliable:more windpower - Political independance 1973 (Oil-boycot) - Acid rain 1980 - Climate change 1990 - Political independance 2008 (Russia-Ukraine) ( Cost-)Efficiency:bigger turbines Social acceptance: from local to national procedures

8. Wind onshore: value sensitive design lessons (1) Technology turbine larger + more efficient (75kW to 7500kW) from 2 to 3 rotorblades from turbine to windfarm (line/array) less noise shadow-interrupting

9. Wind onshore: value sensitive design lessons (2) Procedures (institutional) Spatial planning Procedure/ initiative changes Stakeholders: from farmer to Province to Parliament Process: from ‘technical’ to political (and legal procedures) Grid-connection: grid-enforcement, codification, congestion-law Tariff: from fixed fee to APX-trade (Spot, Intra-day, Day-ahead)

10. Wind offshore: the system Egmond aan Zee 108 MW EWEA 2030: 150.000 MW 2012: 5.000 MW

11. Wind offshore: the system in context Wind Offshore Environment Stakeholders Oil&Gas Shipping Fishery Military Recreation Citizens Politics System& Infrastructure

12. Wind offshore: ‘value sensitive’ impact IssueImpact 150 GW in 2030Acceptability Costs/ Benefits Investment €450 billion Energy bill consumrs Political Citizens Spacing offshore Shipping routes (adapted already) Power to Gas (P2G) Fisherie (MERMAID) Stakeholders (vested) Grid- integration 30% power in Europe Supergrid? Political (international) Life-cycle, materials, recycling Rare earth materials? Steel-market? Decommissioning 1000 turbines/y, 3000 rotorblades/y Citizens Mode of operation Logistics: 25.000 turbines, 4 turbines every day CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility), cables passing dunes etc. Citizens These issues might pose critical factors to public acceptance

13. Value sensitive design: some lessons Wind onshore development shows value sensitive design - in technology and procedures. From niche to system-innovation: new kind of impacts, new kind of issues, new kind of policies - not only technology Wind offshore implementation: anticipate the large-scale impacts - We can learn from wind onshore. - Social Impact Report? (cf. Environmental Impact Report) Wind offshore value sensitive design should focus on: - Costs/Benefits (public budgets + framing) - Sea-stakeholder cooperation - Grid-extension + organisation - Life-cycle management - Logistics - CSR

14. Thank you! Discussion? Frans A. van der Loo LOO e-Consult info@looeconsult Responsible innovation programme Wind offshore TU Delft prof.dr. R. Künneke r.w.kunneke@tudelft.nl