1. Szivacsok, korallok Porifera - szivacsok Archaeocytha
Cnidaria - csalánozók pp

2. Phylum Porifera - Sponges
Mostly marine, but include some freshwater inhabitants; usually found attached to the substratum in shallow or deep water.
They are sessile; permanently attached to the substrate
Obtain their food by filter feeding

3. General Morphology
The internal cavity is called the atrium or spongocoel
Water is drawn into it through a series of incurrent pores or dermal ostia present in the body wall into a central cavity and then flows out of the sponge through a large opening at the top called the osculum

4. Body layers
1. The pinacoderm - an outer layer of flattened cells called pinacocytes
2. An inner lining containing flagellated cells (choanocytes) - draw water in through the pores and move out through the osculum; also trap food particles that are suspended in the water.
The water current is also used for gas exchange, removal of wastes, and release of the gametes
3. Between the pinacodern and the choanocytes is a gelatinous material called mesohyl; contains several different kinds of wandering cells called amoeboid cells
Archaeocytes are amoeboid cells that phagocytize food particles; they can also undergo differentiation to form other cells, including cells that produce spicules and gametes

5. The Skeleton
In the mesohyl is the skeleton composed of tiny pointed structures made of silica or calcium carbonate called spicules.
These structures act as an internal scaffolding, but also function in protection
Among some sponges the skeleton consist of spongin fibers made of collagenous material; found in many of the commercial sponges

6. Types of Sponges (Canal Systems)
A. Asconoid Sponges
Simple vaselike structure
This stucture puts limitations on size; (increase in volume without a corresponding increase in the surface area of the choanocytes)

7. Types of Sponges (Canal Systems) cont.
B. Synconoid Sponges
The flagellated choanocyte layer has undergone folding forming finger like projections
There is a single osculum but the body wall is more complex, with water being received through incurrent canals, which pass it along to radial canals through to the spongocoel
Results in an increase in the surface area which allowed sponges to increase in the size

8. No atrium; several small chambers in which choanocytes are located
Types of Sponges (Canal Systems) cont.
C. Leuconoid Sponges
No atrium; several small chambers in which choanocytes are located
There is a whole series of incurrent canals leading to the choanocyte chambers; water is discharges through excurrent canals
The leuconoid sponges exhibit a significant increase in surface area and are, therefore, among the largest sponges

9. Szivacsok test-típusai
ascon
sycon
leucon

10. Sponge Reproduction Most are hermaphroditic or monoecious.
Sperm leaves a sponge via the osculum, and enters a sponge by the currents generated from the choanocytes.
Fertilized eggs develop into ciliated free-swimming larvae called parenchymula larvae
Sponges can reproduce asexually by fragmentation
Many of the freshwater sponges can produce asexual bodies called gemmules, aggregations of cells that are enclosed in hard outer covering containing spicules

11. Sponge Taxonomy Class Calcarea (Calcispongidae)
Only sponges that possess spicules composed of calcium carbonate.
Spicules are straight or have 3-4 rays, and do not have hollow axial canals.
Today, their diversity is greatest in the tropics, predominantly in shallow waters

12. Class Hexactinellida (Hyalospongiae)
Taxonomy cont.
Class Hexactinellida (Hyalospongiae)
Glass sponges; characterized by siliceous spicules consisting of six rays intersecting at right angles
Widely viewed as an early branch within the Porifera

13. Siliceous spicules with one to four rays not at right angles,
Taxonomy cont.
Class Demospongiae
Greater than 90 percent of the 5,000 known living sponge species are demosponges.
Demosponge skeletons are composed of spongin fibers and/or siliceous spicules
Siliceous spicules with one to four rays not at right angles,
All members express the leuconoid body form
Yellow sponge growing on a wall
on a Caribbean reef.

14. Fosszilis szivacsok - írókréta
Devon, perm, triász, jura

16. Archaeocyatha

17. Korallok

18. What is a coral? A “coral” is actually a “coral colony”
Rocky limestone base
Surface is covered by thousands of tiny coral animals, called “polyps”
Polyps are filled with microscopic algae

19. Anatomy of a coral polyp
Each polyp looks like a tiny sea anemone
Ring of stinging tentacles around a central mouth
Rests in a “cup” on the surface of the colony
Where is the coral skeleton?

20. Cnidarian Body Plans Polyp form
Tubular body, with the mouth directed upward.
Around the mouth are a whorl of feeding tentacles.
Only have a small amount of mesoglea
Sessile
Medusa form
Bell-shaped or umbrella shaped body, with the mouth is directed downward.
Small tentacles, directed downward.
Possess a large amount of mesoglea
Motile, move by weak contractions of body

22. Class Anthozoa Exclusively marine; there is no medusa stage
At one or both ends of the mouth is a ciliated groove called the siphonoglyph; generates a water current and brings food to the gastrovascular cavity
Possess a well developed pharynx
The gastrovascular cavity is large and petitioned by septa or mesenteries; increase surface area for digestion or support
Edges of the septa usually have threadlike acontia threads, equipped with nematocysts and gland cells

23. Solitary anthozoans include sea anemones
Class Anthozoa cont.
Solitary anthozoans include sea anemones
Most anthozoans are colonial (e.g. corals) and secrete external skeletons composed of calcium carbonate.
Corals obtain much of their energy from microscopic photosynthetic green algae (zooxanthellae) or dinoflagellates that live symbiotically inside the cells of the coral

24. What do corals eat?
Like a sea anemone, the polyp can capture small prey (mostly zooplankton) with its tentacles
Also get nutrition from a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae….

25. What do corals eat?
Algae
Fish
Shrimp
Stamps

26. What are zooxanthellae?
Algae that live in the coral polyp’s surface layer
Algae get nutrients and a safe place to grow
Corals get oxygen and help with waste removal
Corals also get most of their food from the algae
Photo: Michael ten Lohuis

27. What is coral bleaching?
Healthy
coral
Bleached coral
Coral bleaching is caused by stress
Poll question: what might be stressful for a coral? We’ll get back to the answer later….

28. What turns the coral white?
Healthy coral with algae
Bleached coral with no algae
- As a stress response, corals expel the symbiotic zooxanthellae from their tissues
- The coral tissue is clear, so you see the white limestone skeleton underneath

29. What can stress a coral? High light or UV levels Cold temperatures
Low salinity and high turbidity from coastal runoff events or heavy rain
Exposure to air during very low tides
Major: high water temperatures
Poll answer before this
Photos: AIMS and GBRMPA

30. Coral reef distribution and thermal stress
Corals live close to their thermal maximum limit
If water gets 1 or 2°C higher than the summer average, corals get stressed and bleach
NOAA satellites measure global ocean temperature and thermal stress
Stamp: Which is the warmer water?

31. Can corals recover? Yes, if the stress doesn’t last too long
Some corals can eat more zooplankton to help survive the lack of zooxanthellae
Some species are more resistant to bleaching, and more able to recover
Photos: AIMS and GBRMPA

32. A living coral-algal reef sheds bioclastic sediment into the fore-reef and back-reef environments.
The fore reef consists of coarse, angular fragments of reef.
Coralline algae are the major contributors of carbonate sand and mud in the back-reef environment. Beaches and dunes = bioclastic sand.
The sediments in each area can lithify to form highly varied limestones.

33. Tengerhőmérséklet és korallzátonyok

34. Rugosa

36. Calceola

37. Scleractinia - magános korallok
Cyclolites

38. Scleractinia – telepes korallok

39. Időbeosztás 2 IX. 15. bevezetés, tafonómia, algák
IX. 22. magasabbrendű növények
IX. 29. egysejtűek
X. 6. szivacsok, korallok
X. 13. puhatestűek zh
X. 20. puhatestűek 2
X. 27.puhatestűek 3
XI. 3. őszi szünet

40. Időbeosztás 3 XI. 10. ízeltlábúak
XI. 17. mohaállatok, pörgekarúak + 2. zh
XI. 24. tüskésbőrűek
XII. 1. gerincesek 1
XII. 8. gerincesek 2
XII zh.