1. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 1 Ethics Week 2 - January 24, 26

2. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 2 Why study ethics? Ethical analysis can provide a structured way to evaluate an issue and choose a course of action Ethical analysis can help illuminate multiple sides of an issue Ethical analysis can help produce persuasive arguments In your personal and professional life you will confront difficult decisions

3. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 3 Quinn 2, Scenario 4 You are the senior software engineer at start-up developing software for handheld computers to help nurses keep track of patients Sales force has promised product by next week Product still contains many minor bugs No major bugs have been found, but QA recommends another month of testing A competitor plans to release a similar product in a few weeks If your product is not first to market your start-up will probably go out of business

4. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 4 Scenario 4 Should you recommend release of the product next week? Who will benefit if the company follows your recommendation? Who will be harmed if the company follows your recommendation? Do you have an obligation to any group of people that may be affected by your decision? Do any of your answers change if the target users were not medical, but, say, the entertainment or retail industry? Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

5. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 5 Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Subjective Relativism Relativism No universal norms of right and wrong One person can say “X is right,” another can say “X is wrong,” and both can be right Subjective relativism Each person decides right and wrong for himself or herself “What’s right for you may not be right for me”

6. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 6 Subjective relativism evaluation of spam Spammers say spam is good Spam brings advertisements to the attention of some people who want to buy their products Spammers make money Purchasers are happy to buy their products Claim: “Direct mail” via email is a means to “level the playing field” Most spam recipients and ISPs say spam is bad Spam wastes time and computer resources, congests networks, slows processing of non- spam email

7. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 7 Case for Subjective Relativism Well-meaning and intelligent people disagree on moral issues Ethical debates are disagreeable and pointless Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

8. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 8 Case Against Subjective Relativism Blurs distinction between doing what you think is right and doing what you want to do Makes no moral distinction between the actions of different people SR and tolerance are two different things Decisions may not be based on reason Not a workable ethical theory Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

9. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 9 Cultural Relativism What is “right” and “wrong” depends upon a society’s actual moral guidelines These guidelines vary from place to place and from time to time A particular action may be right in one society at one time and wrong in other society or at another time International issues may especially dominate, e.g., copying HIV drugs (“generics”) Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

10. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 10 Case for Cultural Relativism Different social contexts demand different moral guidelines It is arrogant for one society to judge another Morality is reflected in actual behavior Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

11. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 11 Case Against Cultural Relativism Because two societies do have different moral views doesn’t mean they ought to have different views Location and time both affect societal norms Doesn’t explain how moral guidelines are determined Doesn’t explain how guidelines evolve Provides no way out for cultures in conflict Societies do, in fact, share certain core values Only indirectly based on reason Not a workable ethical theory Source: Adapted from Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

12. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 12 Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Divine Command Theory Good actions: those aligned with God’s will Bad actions: those contrary to God’s will Holy books reveal God’s will We should holy books as moral decision- making guides

13. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 13 Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Case for Divine Command Theory We owe obedience to our Creator God is all-good and all-knowing God is the ultimate authority

14. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 14 Case Against Divine Command Theory Different holy books disagree Society is multicultural, secular Some moral problems not addressed in scripture Issues of interpretation abound “The good” ≠ “God” Based on obedience, not reason Not a workable theory Source: Adapted from Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

15. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 15 Kantianism Good will: the desire to do the right thing Immanuel Kant: Only thing in the world good without qualification is good will Reason should cultivate desire to do right thing. Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

16. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 16 Categorical Imperative (1 st Formulation) Act only from moral rules that you can at the same time will to be universal moral laws Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

17. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 17 Illustration of 1 st Formulation Question: Can a person in dire straits make a promise with the intention of breaking it later? Proposed rule: “I may make promises with the intention of later breaking them” The person in trouble wants his promise to be believed so he can get what he needs Universalize rule: Everyone may make & break promises Everyone breaking promises would make promises unbelievable, contradicting desire to have promise believed The rule is flawed; the answer is “No” Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

18. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 18 Categorical Imperative (2 nd Formulation) Act so that you treat both yourself and other people as ends in themselves and never only as a means to an end. This is usually an easier formulation to work with than the first formulation of the Categorical Imperative. Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

19. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 19 Kantian evaluation of spam ( 1 st formulation) Proposed rule: I can send advertisements to as many email addresses as I want Spammers want people to read their email and buy their products Universalize rule: Everyone can send advertisements to as many email addresses as they want Consequence If everyone sent advertisements to as many email addresses as they wanted to, email would be so clogged with spam that it would no longer be useful and people would stop using it The rule is flawed -> spamming is not ethical

20. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 20 Kantian evaluation of spam (2nd formulation) Spammers send ads for a product to many people, knowing only small number will be interested Most message recipients will waste time and money Spammers do not respect recipients’ time or money, and are only interested in using spam recipients to make a profit Thus spammers treat recipients as means to an end Conclusion: Spamming is wrong

21. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 21 Case for Kantianism Rational Produces universal moral guidelines Treats all persons as moral equals Workable ethical theory Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

22. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 22 Case Against Kantianism Sometimes no rule adequately characterizes an action Finding the right formulation can be difficult There is no way to resolve a conflict between rules Kantianism allows no exceptions to moral laws Source: Adapted from Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

23. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 23 Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill An action is good if it benefits someone An action is bad if it harms someone Utility: tendency of an object to produce happiness or prevent unhappiness for an individual or a community Happiness = advantage = benefit = good = pleasure Unhappiness = disadvantage = cost = evil = pain Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

24. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 24 Principle of Utility (Greatest Happiness Principle) An action is right (or wrong) to the extent that it increases (or decreases) the total happiness of the affected parties Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

25. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 25 Act Utilitarianism Utilitarianism Morality of an action has nothing to do with intent Focuses on the consequences A consequentialist theory Act utilitarianism Add up change in happiness of all affected beings Sum > 0, action is good Sum < 0, action is bad Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

26. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 26 Bentham: Weighing Pleasure/Pain Intensity Duration Certainty Propinquity (proximity) Fecundity Purity Extent Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

27. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 27 Highway Routing Scenario State may replace a curvy stretch of highway New highway segment 1 mile shorter 150 houses would have to be removed Some wildlife habitat would be destroyed Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

28. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 28 Evaluation Costs $20 million to compensate homeowners $10 million to construct new highway Lost wildlife habitat worth $1 million Benefits $39 million savings in automobile driving costs Conclusion Benefits exceed costs Building highway a good action Source: Adapted from Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Subtlety: not just to whom but when costs (benefits) accrue

29. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 29 Act utilitarian evaluation of spam Spam sent to 100 million people 1 in 10,000 buy product 90% of people who buy product are happy with it, other 10% feel ripped off People who don’t buy product waste time and money, get annoyed, etc. - unhappy Spammer makes lots of money and is VERY happy 9001 happy people, 99,990,000 unhappy people Conclusion: 99.991% of people are unhappy, so spam is wrong

30. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 30 Case for Act Utilitarianism Focuses on happiness Down-to-earth (practical) Comprehensive Workable ethical theory Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

31. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 31 Case Against Act Utilitarianism Unclear whom to include in calculations Too much work Ignores our innate sense of duty Susceptible to the problem of moral luck Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Sometimes actions do not have intended consequences - Moral worth of action is dependent on consequences that may not be under control of moral agent

32. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 32 Rule Utilitarianism We ought to adopt moral rules which, if followed by everyone, will lead to the greatest increase in total happiness Act utilitarianism applies Principle of Utility to individual actions Rule utilitarianism applies Principle of Utility to moral rules Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

33. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 33 Anti-Worm Scenario August 2003: Blaster worm infected thousands of Windows computers Soon after, Nachi worm appeared Took control of vulnerable computer Located and destroyed copies of Blaster Downloaded software patch to fix security problem Used computer as launching pad to try to “infect” other vulnerable PCs Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

34. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 34 Evaluation using Rule Utilitarianism Proposed rule: If I can write a helpful worm that removes a harmful worm from infected computers and shields them from future attacks, I should do so Who would benefit People who do not keep their systems updated Who would be harmed People who use networks People who’s computers are invaded by buggy anti-worms System administrators Conclusion: Harm outweighs benefits. Releasing anti-worm is wrong Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

35. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 35 Case for Rule Utilitarianism Compared to act utilitarianism, it is easier to perform the utilitarian calculus. Not every moral decision requires performing utilitarian calculus. Moral rules survive exceptional situations Avoids the problem of moral luck Workable ethical theory Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

36. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 36 Case Against Utilitarianism in General All consequences must be measured on a single scale Utilitarianism ignores the problem of an unjust distribution of good consequences. Utilitarianism does not mean “the greatest good of the greatest number” That requires a principle of justice What happens when a conflict arises between the Principle of Utility and a principle of justice? Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

37. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 37 Principle of Utility (Greatest Happiness Principle) An action is right (or wrong) to the extent that it increases (or decreases) the total happiness of the affected parties Source: Adapted from Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. ?? We’ll deal with these issues later in economics, which is a mechanism for dealing with tradeoffs

38. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 38 Social Contract Theory Thomas Hobbes “State of nature” We implicitly accept a social contract  Establishment of moral rules to govern relations among citizens  Government capable of enforcing these rules Jean-Jacques Rousseau In ideal society, no one above rules That prevents society from enacting bad rules Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

39. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 39 James Rachels’ Definition “Morality consists in the set of rules, governing how people are to treat one another, that rational people will agree to accept, for their mutual benefit, on the condition that others follow those rules as well” Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

40. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 40 People act out of self-interest w/out agreement Morality is the result of an implicit agreement among rational beings who understand that there is a tension between self-interest and the common good The common good is best realized when everyone cooperates Cooperation occurs when those acting selfishly suffer negative consequences Examples: Recycling, energy conservation

41. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 41 Kinds of Rights Negative right: A right that another can guarantee by leaving you alone Positive right: A right obligating others to do something on your behalf Absolute right: A right guaranteed without exception Limited right: A right that may be restricted based on the circumstances Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

42. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 42 John Rawls’s Principles of Justice Each person may claim a “fully adequate” number of basic rights and liberties, so long as these claims are consistent with everyone else having a claim to the same rights and liberties Any social and economic inequalities must Be associated with positions that everyone has a fair and equal opportunity to achieve Be to the greatest benefit of the least- advantaged members of society (the difference principle) Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

43. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 43 Social contract theory evaluation of spam Everyone has right to free speech You can send email to anyone you want No requirement that people listen to your speech People can send you angry replies if they don’t like your email If 99,990,000 people are unhappy with a spam message, they should be able to send an angry reply to the spammer, which should have cost to spammer But spammers forge headers so they do not get angry replies This violates social contract, thus spamming is wrong

44. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 44 Case for Social Contract Theory Framed in language of rights Explains why people act in self-interest without common agreement Provides clear analysis of certain citizen/government problems Workable ethical theory Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

45. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 45 Case Against Social Contract Theory No one signed contract Some actions have multiple characterizations Conflicting rights problem May unjustly treat people who cannot uphold contract Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

46. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 46 Objectivism vs. Relativism Objectivism: Morality has an existence outside the human mind Relativism: Morality is a human invention Kantianism, utilitarianism, and social contract theory examples of objectivism Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

47. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 47 Mail Abuse Prevention System MAPS is a not-for-profit organization Contacts marketers who violate MAPS standards for bulk email Puts marketers who violate standards on a Realtime Blackhole List (RBL) Some mail relays refer to RBL list Looks up email host name on RBL list If name on list, the email gets bounced back All email from blacklisted hosts gets bounced, even email from non-spammers Source: Slides for Chapter 3 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

48. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 48 Was the creation of the RBL ethical? Utilitarian evaluation: ISP using RBL benefits by getting better network performance, fewer angry users But their users are unable to receive email from innocent users of blacklisted ISPs, reducing their utility Innocent users of blacklisted ISPs unable to communicate with ISPs that user RBL Conclusion depends on magnitude of benefit and ratio of blacklisted innocent users to total email users Kantian evaluation: MAPS puts ISPs on RBL with goal of getting innocent users to complain and pressure ISP to drop spammers Innocent users are treated as means to an end This violates Categorical imperative -> RBL is unethical

49. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 49 Finding info with search engines General purpose search engines Google, Yahoo, Altavista, A9, etc. Clustered searching Vivisimo, Dogpile Search CS research literature http://portal.acm.org http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ http://scholar.google.com/ When you find a useful paper, look at its reference list for other possibly relevant sources, also use “cited by” features in search engines Research and Communication Skills

50. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 50 Advanced searching Boolean searching Operators: AND, OR, NOT, NEAR Implied operators: AND is often implied Parentheses for grouping Wildcards Quotes Getting to know the ins and outs of your favorite search engines Many search engines do not use pure boolean searching Most search engines have some special syntax Search engines use different algorithms to determine best match Research and Communication Skills

51. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 51 Advanced Googling See http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/ Google.html http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/ Google.html Ranks results using PageRank algorithm, taking into account popularity, importance, word proximity Special syntax intitle, inurl, site, intext, filetype, daterange, numrange Boolean operators: OR, - Fuzzy searching: ~,.., * Exact phrases: “” 10-term limit Special searches Definitions (define), calculator, area codes, flight searches, and more Research and Communication Skills

52. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 52 CMU’s Library Resources Indices and Catalogs Articles – ArticleFirst, WebOfScience, EICompendex, etc. Books – WorldCat, domain specific databases Full text resources Reference shelf Statistical InterLibrary Loan (ILL) Hoovers (financial and corporate) Lexis-Nexis (news and legal)

53. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 53

54. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 54 Applyyourself.com incident In March 2005, someone posted a message to the Business Week Online message board that explained how a student who had applied to a business school using the application form at applyyourself.com could login to the site and find out early whether or not they had been admitted Procedure involved logging in using the student’s own username and password and then appending a special string to the end of a URL to view a page that had been posted but had not yet been linked in Dozens of students who had applied to several top business schools followed this advice Some were able to find out whether they had been admitted, others saw only a blank screen Students viewed early information that they would later have been authorized to see The press reported that the students had “hacked” into applyyourself.com Most of the business schools decided to reject all the students who tried this

55. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 55 Applyyourself.com continued It is generally agreed that: The students did not break any laws What the students did was not really hacking and did not require much technical expertise But, was it unethical? Did they deserve to be punished?

56. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 56 Class debate #1 Software piracy is ethical in third world countries.

57. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 57 Creating a bibliography and citing sources Do you know how to create a properly formatted bibliography? Why is a list of URLs not a proper bibliography? Research and Communication Skills

58. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 58 Importance of Proper Referencing Intellectual Property issues Intellectual honesty Substantiation Is this your opinion, well-accepted fact, or somewhere in between? Clarity for the reader Assumptions Methodology Disclosure of bias (implicit/explicit) Who funded the work (or institution)? Context matters Research and Communication Skills

59. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 59 Citing sources Whenever you take words, images, or ideas from another source you need to cite that source Direct quotes and paraphrases Images,photographs, tables, graphs Ideas, measurements, computations Also use citations as evidence to back up assertions If you use somebody else’s words, you must quote them Short excerpts appear in quotes Long excerpts (3 or more lines) are introduced and then appear as indented text, often in a smaller font, single spaced If you leave out words in the middle use … If you leave out words at the end use …. If you substitute or add words, put them in square brackets [] If you add italics say [emphasis added] Failure to cite sources = plagiarism Research and Communication Skills

60. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 60 Paraphrasing Usually paraphrasing ideas is preferable to quoting unless Exact wording is important You are quoting famous words You are critiquing or comparing specific words rather than ideas The original words say what you want to say very well and succinctly Usually paraphrasing lets you convey an idea more succinctly because you can focus on the part of the idea most relevant to your paper If you end up using some of the original words in your paraphrase, use quotes around those words Research and Communication Skills

61. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 61 Forms of citation Full bibliographic citation inline Typically used on a slide Footnote or endnote Used in legal writing, many books, some conferences and journals Inline short citation with bibliography, references cited section, or reference list Used by most technical conferences and journals, some books, most dissertations Research and Communication Skills

62. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 62 Research and Communication Skills Citations in text Format depends on style you are using Usually a number or author and date, sometimes a page number reference too Citation usually goes at the end of the sentence Privacy is not “absolute,” (Westin 1967). Privacy is not “absolute,” [3]. If Author is mentioned, in sentence, name does not appear in citation Westin (1967, p. 7) claims that individuals must balance a desire for privacy with a desire to participate in society. Multiple citations can appear together [3, 4, 5] (Westin 1967; Cranor 2002)

63. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 63 Footnotes Used heavily in legal writing Usually used sparingly in technical writing Each footnote appears only once If you reference the same source multiple times you must repeat the reference information, however you can abbreviate it on second and subsequent references and use ibid to indicate same as previous reference Research and Communication Skills

64. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 64 Creating a bibliography Similar rules apply to other forms of citation (footnotes, etc.) Pick an appropriate style and use it consistently throughout your paper Most conferences and journals have style requirements Popular styles: Chicago/Turabian, MLA, APA, APSA Complete bibliographic entry includes author, title, date, publisher, place of publication, pages, volume number, etc. Bibliographic entries should be ordered - usually either alphabetically or in order referenced in the text Research and Communication Skills

65. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 65 Chicago/Turabian reference-list This is the format documented in The Chicago Manual of Style and Kate Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations Summarized many places online, including http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChi_WC_artic le.html http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChi_WC_artic le.html Turabian lists four formats for each type of citation - in this class use the parenthetical reference (PR) for the short citation in the text and the reference-list (RL) for the full citation in the reference list at the end of your paper Note that underline and italics are interchangeable - back in the days of typewriters most people underlined, but now that we are all using computers with printers that can italicize, you should italicize instead Reference list should be alphebatized Research and Communication Skills

66. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 66 Chicago/Turabian PR and RL example Students who take computers and society are required to read Ethics for the Information Age (Quinn 2006). For the second homework assignment, they must also read a paper by Munro and Meeks (1997). Reference List Munro, Neil, and Brock N. Meeks. 1997. Debating (What Once Was) the CDA. Communications of the ACM, September, 25-28. Quinn, Michael J. 2006. Ethics for the Information Age. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley. Research and Communication Skills

67. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 67 Word processing tools Microsoft Word Word has built in support for footnotes and endnotes Use cross reference feature for numbered reference lists Third party bibliographic add-ons may be useful LaTeX Built in support for footnotes and endnotes Use Bibtex! Research and Communication Skills

68. Computers and Society Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2006 Cranor/Tongia/Farber http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp06/ 68 HW1 discussion http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc- sp06/hw1.html http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc- sp06/hw1.html Interactions with computers List Most significant changes if interactions took place without computers