1. The Revolutionary War

2. Attempt to Take Canada
Fall Continental Army wants to win support from the French Canadians- march to Canada
What were their disadvantages?
Harsh Weather
Not enough supplies or food
Low energy
What did this cause?
Canada remained in British hands

3. British in Boston Why were they camped in Boston?
Waiting for fresh supplies and troops
How did General Washington force them out?
Surrounded the city with canons
What was the result of this forced evacuation?
King George Set up a blockade of all of ports in the colonies

4. New York Campaign The Battle of Long Island British in New York
Confederates in Long Island and Manhattan
Why were they split between two locations?
British landed in Long Island
Why did the Confederates lose?
Un trained
No navy
British held New York for the rest of the war

5. Further Defeat
British troops pushed American troops through New Jersey and across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania.
Fall turned into winter.
Little food and cloths some of the troops were “entirely naked and most so thinly clad (clothed) as to be unfit for service” -Washington
Many soldiers returned home.

6. “I will not ask any man go further than I do
“I will not ask any man go further than I do. I will fight so long as I have a leg and an arm.” -General Washington

7. “These are the times that try men’s souls.”
How was confederate morale? Why?
Low
How did Washington try to reverse it?
Surprise attack.

8. “These are the times that try men’s souls
“These are the times that try men’s souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stand it now, deserves the love and thanks of every man and woman.”- Thomas Paine
-During the (first) American revolution, soldiers who joined the Continental Army during the spring or summer but went AWOL in the fall or winter were known as "summer soldiers".
-Meanwhile, the people who supported the revolutionaries when the revolution was going well -- but not otherwise -- were called "sunshine patriots".

9. “The ice continually stuck to the boats driving them down stream” -Lt
“The ice continually stuck to the boats driving them down stream” -Lt. Elisha Bostwick
“It began to rain…I had got thoroughly wet before we began our march, and the rain and half-melted snow and water was almost over shoes-our feet was drenched in water every step.” –William Chamberlain

10. Battle of Trenton- SURPRISE!
Christmas Celebrations
Washington’s troops crossed the Delaware river
Waited until morning
Stormed in on the sleeping Hessians
Hessians quickly surrendered
Princeton:
Who won?

11. Turning the Tide

12. British Change their Strategy
General Burgoyne planed to gain control of the Hudson River Valley
How would this help the British?
Burgoyne’s army: Montreal-> New York
Howe’s army: sail up the Hudson
St Legar’s army: Lake Ontario -> east Mohawk Valley
Why did this new strategy fail?
Fail: Lack of communication, Howe Attacked Philadelphia instead, Benedict Arnold stopped St. Legar’s army and they turned back.

13. Battle of Saratoga
Howe decided to attack Philadelphia instead and attempt to capture Washington
St. Legar’s army was stopped by Benedict Arnold and his men and turned back.
After hearing that St. Legar did not make it, Howe refused to move his troops to the Hudson River Valley.

14. Battle of Saratoga Only one group of British forces made it.
Bemis Heights:
Generals Gates’ army met the British on their way to Albany and ran into American fortifications
British pushed through but lost a lot of soldiers
Freeman’s Farm
Benedict Arnold lead American soldiers in an attack nearby continuously charging the British
Burgoyne’s Army pushes through exhausted and injured

15. Battle of Saratoga British pushed through to camp at Saratoga
British were trying to collect themselves
American troops completely surrounded the British and let a brutal attack against them.
Burgoyne was forced to surrender.
What was the significance of the American victory at Saratoga?
First British surrender, showed they were a powerful army
Gained support from Europe

16. Treaty of Alliance Why did France decide to help out?
How would France benefit from helping America out?

17. Help from Europe Prussia France Spain Poland Baron Friedrich
Sent supplies and reinforcement troops
Marquis de Lafayette
Spain
Helped prevent England from attacking from the South
Bernardo de Galvez
Poland
Thaddeus Kosciuzko and Casimir Pulaski

18. Philadelphia Campaign
Howe’s army in Philadelphia instead of heading up the Hudson to Saratoga.
Battle of Brandywine
American troops unprepared for British strategy and had to retreat
Battle of Germantown
British troops retreated to Germantown to camp.
Washington attempted a surprise attack which did not work and Americans ended up retreating again.
England was able to hold control of Philadelphia

19. War in the West and At Sea

20. War in the West At first Native Americans did not want to take sides.
Both British and Americans had Native Americans help them in their fight to control the frontier.
Most Native Americans joined the British.
They thought if they won they may be able to restore land they had lost.
Fighting broke out in the Ohio Valley.

21. War in the West
George Rogers Clark led the campaign to defend the Western Frontier.
Frontiersman from Kentucky which was claimed by Virginia.
Ask permission to defend the Western Frontier from the British
“If a country is not worth protecting, it is not worth claiming.”
Got help from a group of Native Americans known as the Miami.

22. War in the West
Led a surprise attack on the British at Vincennes, in present day Indiana.
British were not expecting an attack.
Rivers were overflowing, woods were flooded
Clark and his men marched through miles of icy swamps chest deep to surprise the British
Clark and his men pretended to have a much bigger supply of men than they actually did.
Combined that, the element of surprise and scare tactics to take control of the area.

23. War at Sea
By 1777 the British had about 100 warships off the coast of America
England could control American trade routes.
America did not have a navy so there was no way for them to defeat the British forces at sea.
In order to combat the British navy the American government gave permission to privateer ships to attack the British.

24. War at Sea
Privateer ships: privately owned ships given permission by a wartime government to attack enemy’s merchant ships.
How is this beneficial to the war effort?
After merchant ship was captured the crew of the privateer sold the cargo and shared the money.
Made a profit and motivated by patriotism.
Disrupted trade for British merchants.
This causes British merchants to want the war to end.

25. John Paul Jones
Commander of American warship that patrolled the British coast.
Led an attack on a British warship that started between two ships and ended up with the Americans fighting the British one-on-one on the British ship.
Americans won the fierce battle.
Huge inspiration for the Americans.
Jones known as the “Father of the American Navy”

26. Funding a War
Continental Congress did not have the power to tax the people or the individual colony’s governments.
Began printing money called Continental dollars.
So many were printed they soon became worthless because there was no silver or gold to back them up in the treasury.
Borrowed money from France then later Spain and the Netherlands.
Wealthy citizens lent money in exchange for bonds or certificates to be later exchanged.

27. The War Moves South

28. War in the South
Although British held Northern cities they had a difficult time controlling the countryside because there was so much land and not enough soldiers to patrol it.
Why did the British think they would have more success in the South?
They believed they had more support in the south.
The loyalists in the South would help them fight and control any land they gained control of.
British also believed they could get slaves to fight for them because they promised them their freedom if they fought for them. (Although they did not always live up to their promise.)

29. War in the South
What two important cities did the British capture to gain control of most of the South?
Savannah (12/29/1778)was a big port city, by capturing it the British were able to conquer most of Georgia.
Charleston (5/12/2780) was the biggest city in the South.
When the Americans surrendered they lost most of their Southern Army.
Charleston was the biggest defeat for the Americans in the war.

30. Guerilla Fighting The term “Guerilla” is Spanish for “little war”.
It is the irregular strategy for fighting a war in which a small group of forces move around often and use attacks such as ambushes and raids to fight a larger army.

31. Guerrilla Fighting and The “Swamp Fox”
Francis Marion was one of the original leaders of the raids during the Revolutionary War.
He led quick strikes, to cut off enemy supplies and supply routes and then ran away.
Typically attacked at night.
He never stayed at the same camp more than once.
His raids help keep the British troops in the south off balance.

32. Guerilla Fighting Dates back over 2000 years .
Used all over the world throughout history and still today.

33. American Victories in the South
Kings Mountain 10/7/1780
Fought on border between North Caroline and South Carolina
Americans surrounded 1,000 British and Loyalist troops and slaughtered most of them.
Battle of Cowpens 1/17/1781
Guerrilla hit and run tactics used kept the British off guard
Battle of Guilford Courthouse 3/15/1781
American troops retreated but left the British badly injured and weakened.

34. Help from France and Spain
French
Sent supplies money and troops
Declared war on Britain
Marquis de Lafayette served as a general.
Still upset about loss of French and Indian war and wanted revenge.
Spanish
Attacked British strongholds in Mississippi Valley from Louisiana
Saw supporting the Americans as an opportunity to expand its empire in North America
British had to divert some of their attention off the Americans to protect their Empire from the French and Spanish

35. African Americans and the War
Which side did they fight for?
British
Offered salves their freedom if they fought for them.
American
Were not permitted to fight.
Salve owners were hesitant to give weapons to their slaves to fight in fear that they would revolt.
Realized they needed troops and saw that they were fighting for the British.
Allowed African Americans to enlist.

36. African Americans and the War
Fighting for Freedom
After the war some enlisted African Americans gained their freedom.
After the end of the war some northern states (Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania) attempted to end slavery.
Even though some states in the south passed laws giving freedom to ex-soldiers most slave holders did not release them.

37. Women and the War Battlefield At home
Followed their husbands to army camps
Cooked, sewed, served as nurses
Some actually took part in battles
At home
Ran family farms and businesses while husbands were off fighting
Made soap, gathered rags for bandages, made coats the shirt.

38. Battle of Yorktown Right on Chesapeake Bay
After the guerilla attacks in the South Cornwallis moved his troops to Yorktown.
Why did he move his troops there?
Right on Chesapeake Bay
Could receive supplies from British ships
Thought it provided a safe haven for his troops

39. Battle of Yorktown August 29, 1781
What did French commander Admiral François de Grasse do weaken the British?
Planted 29 ships in the Bay
Prevented British from getting supplies
Kept Cornwallis and his men from escaping through the ocean.
Washington’s army as well as several thousand French soldiers made their way to Virginia.

40. Battle of Yorktown
What was the result of the French navy in the Bay and the rest of the forces coming to Virginia?
The American armies and French navy blocked every escape route for the British.
Cornwallis wrote to Washington requesting a cease fire.
Two days later the British surrendered.
How was the surrender simulated in the capture the flag game?
Who were the two men representing each side?
-British, General Charles O’Hara
-Americans- General Benjamin Lincoln

41. Treaty of Paris
Americans met with the British in Paris to negotiate a peace agreement.
Took two years to reach an agreement.
The Treaty of Paris was signed on 11/3/1783

42. Articles 1-5
1. Recognized 13 colonies as free states. 2. Established boundaries between the United States and British North America 3. Granted fishing rights to Americans in certain British territories. 4. Recognized that debts must be paid back to all parties. 5. Anyone who had land taken away from them will get it back.

43. Articles 6-10
6. United States must prevent future confiscation of land from loyalists. 7. Prisoners of war on both sides will be released. 8. Both America and England has access to the Mississippi River. 9. Land confiscated by Americans after the treaty must be returned. 10. The treaty must be ratified within six months by everyone involved.