1. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 1 Geography 372 Introduction to Remote Sensing Slide content from Geoeye & Space Imaging

2. High Resolution remote sensing Outline o Description of commercial high resolution remote sensing – Ikonos – Orbimage – Quickbird – Geoeye o Applications of High resolution data – National Security – Preparation to respond to events – Monitor activities – Monitor Transportation Networks – Urban Planning – Tax assessments

3. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 3 Along-track, or Pushbroom, Multispectral System Operation

4. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 4 Ikonos IKONOS Sensor Overview IKONOS is derived from the Greek word for "image." The IKONOS satellite is the world's first commercial satellite to collect black-and-white images with 1- meter resolution and multispectral imagery with 4- meter resolution. http://www.geoeye.com/corporate/constellation.htm

5. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 5 Ikonos On September 24, 1999, an Athena II rocket carried the 1600-pound IKONOS satellite into a 684-kilometer (423-mile) polar orbit. IKONOS is the world’s first high-resolution commercial remote sensing satellite with a ground resolution of.82-meters.

6. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 6 Ikonos Sensor Characteristics It orbits the Earth every 98 minutes at an altitude of approximately 680 kilometers or 423 miles. IKONOS was launched into a sun-synchronous orbit, passing a given longitude at about the same local time (10:30 A.M.) daily. IKONOS can produce 1-meter imagery of the same geography every 3 days.

7. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 7 Ikonos Spectral Range 1-meter black-and-white (panchromatic) 0.45 - 0.90 mm. 4-meter multispectral Blue: 0.45 - 0.52 mm Green: 0.51 - 0.60 mm Red: 0.63 - 0.70mm Near IR: 0.76 - 0.85 mm Products Standard products include 1-meter black-and-white, 4-meter multispectral (all bands), 1-meter color (true color, false color, or 4- band), and a 1-meter and 4-meter data bundle. IKONOS image data is available in easy to use 8-bit or full dynamic range 11-bit format.

8. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 8 Ikonos Launch Date24 September 1999 Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, USA Operational LifeOver 7 years Orbit98.1 degree, sun synchronous Speed on Orbit7.5 kilometers per second Speed Over the Ground6.8 kilometers per second Number of Revolutions Around the Earth14.7 every 24 hours Orbit Time Around the Earth98 minutes Altitude681 kilometers ResolutionNadir: 0.82 meters panchromatic 3.2 meters multispectral 26° Off-Nadir 1.0 meter panchromatic 4.0 meters multispectral Image Swath11.3 kilometers at nadir 13.8 kilometers at 26° off-nadir Equator Crossing TimeNominally 10:30 a.m. solar time Revisit TimeApproximately 3 days at 40° latitude Dynamic Range11-bits per pixel Image BandsPanchromatic, blue, green, red, near IR

9. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 9 Ikonos

10. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 10 Ikonos Standard IKONOS Stereo products include: Stereo 1-meter Black-and-White Stereo 1-meter Color Stereo imagery is available for IKONOS 1-meter Reference and Precision products. Imagery pairs are delivered with a Rational Polynomial Coefficient (RPC) camera model file. The RPC file enables photogrammetric processing, creation of digital terrain models and 3- dimensional measurement with popular software packages.

11. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 11 Ikonos

12. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 12 Ikonos

13. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 13 Ikonos

14. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 14 Ikonos

15. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 15 Ikonos Itaipu Dam

16. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 16 Ikonos

17. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 17 Ikonos

18. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 18 Ikonos

19. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 19 Ikonos High-resolution data products and services to help organizations: Monitor, plan and prepare for disasters and emergencies Prepare response efforts for natural, terrorist and unintentional events Analyze information and provide relevance Provide for preventative action and timely response resulting in reduced consequences Evaluate critical infrastructures Monitor border and transportation activities Actively support first responders, related military organizations, citizens and non-government organizations Support efficiency and options for recovery

20. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 20 Ikonos

21. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 21 Orbview-3 On June 26, 2003, a Pegasus XL successfully launched OrbView-3 into a 470-kilometer (292-mile) sun-synchronous orbit. The satellite is capable of providing one-meter resolution panchromatic and four-meter resolution multispectral imagery.

22. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 22 Orbview-3 The Pegasus's three Orion solid motors were originally developed for the cancelled Midgetman (a small ICBM to be launched from a trailer) by Hercules Aerospace (now Alliant Techsystems). For Pegasus use, wing and tail assemblies and a payload fairing were developed. Most of the Pegasus was designed by a design team led by Dr. Antonio Elias. The wing was designed by Burt Rutan. · Mass: 18,500 kg (Pegasus), 23,130 kg (Pegasus XL) · Length: 16.9 m (Pegasus), 17.6 m (Pegasus XL) · Diameter: 1.27 m · Wing span: 6.7 m Payload: 443 kg (1.18 m diameter, 2.13 m length)

23. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 23 Orbview-3 Facts at a Glance Spatial Resolution 1 meter Panchromatic 4 meters Multispectral Spectral Range: Panchromatic 450-900 nm Multispectral Blue: 450-520 nm Green: 520-600 nm Red: 625-695 nm Near IR: 760-900 nm Swath Width 8 km Off-Nadir Imaging Up to 50 degrees Dynamic Range 11 bits per pixel Mission Life Expected > 7 years Revisit Time Less than 3 days Orbital Altitude 470 km Modal Crossing 10:30 A.M.

24. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 24 Orbview-3 IMAGERY APPLICATIONS OrbView-3 is used for a wide variety of commercial and government applications. These applications include environmental impact assessments for engineering companies; infrastructure planning for utilities and telecommunications ; urban planning in city and county governments ; crop health assessment ; exploration for oil, gas and mineral companies ; habitat monitoring for environmental agencies ; and surveillance and mission planning for national security agencies.

25. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 25 Quickbird http://www.digitalglobe.com/

26. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 26 Quickbird Highest resolution sensor available commercially 60-cm (2-ft) panchromatic at nadir 2.4-m (8-ft) multispectral at nadir Stable platform for precise location measurement 3-axis stabilized, star tracker/IRU/reaction wheels, GPS Fastest large area collection 16.5-km width imaging swath 128 Gbits on-board image storage capacity Off-axis unobscured design of QuickBird's telescope Large field-of-view High contrast (MTF) High signal to noise ratio 11 bit dynamic range Quantization11 bits

27. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 27 Quickbird Depending upon orbital altitude, ground sample distances between 0.5 and 1.5 meters panchromatic and 2 to 8 meters multispectral can be achieved. The pushbroom camera, pointed and oriented by the spacecraft, is capable of imaging a strip of the Earth's surface between 14 and 34 km wide (specifications). The multispectral bands mimic the first four bands of the Landsat system (the visible NIR regions of the electromagnetic spectrum).

28. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 28 Quickbird Launch DateOctober 18, 2001 Launch VehicleBoeing Delta II Launch LocationVandenberg Air Force Base, California, USA Orbit Altitude450 Km Orbit Inclination97.2º, sun-synchronous Speed7.1 Km/second - 25,560 Km/hour Equator Crossing Time10:30 a.m. (descending node) Orbit Time 93.5 minutes Revisit Time1-3.5 days depending on Latitude (30º off-nadir) Swath Width16.5 Km x 16.5 Km at nadir Metric Accuracy23-meter horizontal (CE90%) Digitization11 bits ResolutionPan: 61 cm (nadir) to 72 cm (25º off-nadir) MS: 2.44 m (nadir) to 2.88 m (25º off-nadir) Image BandsPan: 450 - 900 nm Blue: 450 - 520 nm Green: 520 - 600 nm Red: 630 - 690 nm Near IR 760 - 900 nm

29. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 29 Quickbird

30. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 30 Quickbird

31. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 31 Quickbird

32. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 32 Quickbird

33. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 33 Quickbird

34. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 34 Quickbird http://www.digitalglobe.com/community/qbtracker/qbtrackerExternal.html

35. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 35 Geoeye-1 Spatial Range: 0.41 m – 1.64 m Spectral Range: Panchromatic 450-900 nm Spectral Range Multispectral Blue: 450-520 nm Green: 520-600 nm Red: 625-695 nm Near IR: 760-900 nm Swath Width 15.2 km Off-Nadir Imaging Up to 60 degrees Dynamic Range 11 bits per pixel Mission Life Expected > 10 years Revisit Time Less than 3 days Orbital Altitude 684 km Modal Crossing 10:30 A.M.

36. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 36 Geoeye-1 The GeoEye-1 satellite is scheduled for launch in early 2007. GeoEye-1 will be equipped with the most advanced technology ever used in a commercial remote sensing system. The satellite will be able to collect images at 0.41-meter panchromatic (black & white) and 1.65- meter multispectral resolution *. Just as important, GeoEye-1 will be able to precisely locate an object to within 3 meters of its true location on the surface of the Earth. This degree of inherent geolocation accuracy has never been achieved in any commercial imaging system. The satellite will be able to collect up to 700,000 square kilometers of panchromatic (and up to 350,000 square kilometers of pan-sharpened multispectral) imagery per day. A polar orbiting satellite, GeoEye-1 will make 12 to 13 orbits per day flying at an altitude of 684 kilometers or 425 miles with an orbital velocity of about 7.5 km/sec or 45,000 mi/hr.

37. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 37 Geoeye-1 GEOEYE-1 TECHNICAL INFORMATION Launch Vehicle Delta II Satellite Weight 1955 kg / 4310 lbs Satellite Storage and Downlink 1 Terabit recorder; X-band downlink (at 740 mb/sec or 150 mb/sec) Operational Life Fully redundant 7+ year design life; fuel for 15 years Satellite Modes of Operation Store and forward Real-time image and downlink Direct uplink with real-time downlink Orbital Altitude 684 kilometers / 425 miles Orbital Velocity About 7.5 km/sec or 45,000 mi/hr Inclination/Equator Crossing Time 98 degrees / 10:30am Orbit type/period Sun-synchronous / 98 minutes

38. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 38 1 meter 0.41 meter or 1.34 ft Geoeye-1

39. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 39 Every Lecture 3?s  What was the take home point? –1-3 sentence sumary  What do you think needs more explanation?  1 multiple choice exam question -please submit in email- Neigh@mail.umd.edu

40. Geography 372 Christopher NeighOctober 3 rd 2006 40