1. Welcome back! Today is Monday, April 14, 2014 Please:  turn off your phones,  put them away,  take out your:  journals opened up to the notes you took on the 100 pages of reading,  copy of the class novel,  writing utensil,  Makah editorial  Put backpacks on the floor, and  Prepare your journals for a Good Grammar Lesson

2. Good Grammar To be more convincing in academic papers or any debate, avoid: generalizations – no - All Makah are good whalers. yes - A select few Makah train to become whalers. extremes – no- There are billions of grey whales. yes - There are approximately 19,000 grey whales. ambiguous times and numbers– no - The Makah have lived on the North. American continent for many. years. yes - The Makah have inhabited the Pacific Northwest coast for about 4,ooo years. Find one sentence you could improve in your papers and circle it.

3. Today’s Learning Goal We will be able to better understand some of the contributing factors to the challenges on the Spokane Indian reservation. Progression of Learning  We will reflect on the weekend reading assignment.  We will identify some of the challenges Junior faced and the community support and self reliance qualities he uses to overcome them.  We will learn some events in U.S. history that affected the Spokane Tribe.

4. Journal Reflection As I check off your notes from the first reading assignment, answer the following questions in your journal. 1. Why is trust important in a relationship? What characteristics made Rowdy trustworthy? 2. How did Gordy support Junior? 3. How does Junior’s relationship with his sister affect his ability to be self-reliant? 4. Why was prom so challenging for Junior? 5. Who helped him make prom successful?

5. What are some of the challenges the Spokane Tribe face on their reservation? Lack of access to resources because of confinement to reservations could lead to lack of economic development lack of jobs lack of quality educational resources lack of quality physical and mental health care increase in substance abuse increase in violence Such conditions can establish and maintain an unending cycle of poverty. What lead to this?

6. Native American History Native Americans inhabit North America for about 16,000 years, then….

7. The Louisiana Purchase 1803

8. Westward Expansion  In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson purchased the territory of Louisiana from the France doubling the size of the United States.  To Jefferson, westward expansion was the key to the nation’s health : He believed that a republic depended on an independent, virtuous citizenry for its survival, and that independence and virtue went hand in hand with land ownership, especially the ownership of small farms. (“Those who labor in the earth,” he wrote, “are the chosen people of God.”)  In order to provide enough land to sustain this ideal population, the United States would have to continue to expand.

9. Westward Expansion and Obstacles  Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific Ocean. 1805  the Bureau of Indian Affairs developed Federal policies designed to subjugate and assimilate American Indians. 1824  Indian Removal Act moves Native Americans from the SE to west of the Mississippi River. 1830  Trail of Tears was the forced march of the Cherokee Nation from the east coast to Oklahoma. Thousands die along the way. 1838  People begin to travel west in wagon trains on the Oregon Trail. Around 300,000 people would take the trail over the next 20 years. 1841

10. Why? What perceived characteristics of Native Americans would encourage European Americans to try to subjugate and assimilate them? Who else did Europeans and European Americans try to subjugate and assimilate?

11. Here Come the Settlers Journalist John O'Sullivan first uses the term "Manifest Destiny" to describe the westward expansion of the United States. 1845 England signs the Oregon Treaty handing over the Oregon Territory to the United States. 1846 (that’s us) Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill. Soon word is out and people rush to California to strike it rich. 1848

12. Coming Faster and Communicating  Indian Appropriations Act authorizes the creation of reservations in Modern day Oklahoma - 1851  The Pony Express begins to deliver mail - 1860  The First Transcontinental Telegraph line is finished.  The Pony Express shuts down - 1861  The Civil War begins 1861  The Pacific Railroad Act - The United States government agrees to help fund a railroad from California to Missouri - 1862

13. Settlers and Obstacles  The U.S. government’s Homestead Act offers up free land to farmers who agree to live on the land for five years and make improvements to the land. Many people rush to places like Oklahoma to claim their land. 1862  The Civil War ends 1865  President Ulysses S. Grant pursued a stated “Peace Policy” as a possible solution to the conflict including reorganizing of the Indian Service, relocating various tribes from ancestral homes to parcels of land, and the replacement of government officials with religious men. Late 1860s

14. Resistance and More Settlers  Many tribes ignored the relocation orders and were forced to relocate. US army was called to enforce. Conflicts resulted in massacres and wars. 1860s-70s  The Transcontinental Railroad is completed - The Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroads meet at Promontory, Utah and the railroad is completed. 1869  An American Indian army composed of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapahoe defeat General Custer and the 7th Calvary at the Battle of Little Bighorn. 1876

15. Assimilation Fails but Expansion Succeeds  President Grant’s policy resulted in so much conflict, President Hayes phased it our and by 1882 all religious organizations had relinquished their authority to the federal Indian agency. Late 1870s  Congress passes the Dawes Act which gave individual parcels of land to individual Native Americans breaking up large parcel allotment. 1887  The U.S. Government announces that the Western Lands have been explored. 1890

16. Efforts to Compensate  The individual allotment policy was terminated by the Indian Reorganization Act which set up privatization and tribal sovereignty. 1934  US government invested in infrastructure, health care, and education. And two million acres of land is returned. 1934 to 1954

17. Reflection In your journals, please reflect on the two groups of people, who came into contact.  How did the European Americans view the Native Americans in the late 18 th and early 19 th centuries?  What were the initial results of the contact?  How did the European Americans treat the Native Americans?  What were the effects?

18. Fist to Five I better understand some of the contributing factors to the challenges on the Spokane Indian reservation. Homework  Read pages 169 to 178 the next pages and take notes.

19. Effective Note-Taking Format Chapter Title and page numbers (One Page for Each Chapter) Text Evidence in the form of quotes “………………” (Junior, pg. 14) Reaction to each quote This quote makes me think……… This actions shows me…… I’m wondering……….. Vocabulary Words and a quick summary of the chapter Information to answer the Essential Questions: What is his identity and how does it develop? and How does it affects the decisions he makes?