1. Biofuels Now and Tomorrow Tom Williams National Renewable Energy Laboratory FLC Far West / Mid-Continent Meeting September 2005

2. The National Bioenergy Center Focused on achieving DOE goals –Reduce dependence on oil –Build U.S. bioenergy industry –Reduce global warming Argonne National Laboratory Idaho National Laboratory National Renewable Energy Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The National Bioenergy Center is a virtual center created to advance technologies for producing fuels, chemicals, materials, and power from biomass. It supports the science and technology goals of the Department of Energy’s Biomass Program by working with a multi-laboratory consortium of:

3. Environmental Benefit of Biofuels

4. Wood chips Switch grass Poplar trees Sugar cane residue Municipal Solid Waste Alfalfa Biomass Resources

5. From 2000 Supply Curve by ORNL 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Million dry tons per year $20$30$40$50Gigaton Vision Forest Residues (and thinnings) Urban Wastes Ag Residues (and grain crops) Mill Residues Energy Crops 3.5 billion BOE 2005 Study U.S. Biomass Resources

6. While the growing need for sustainable electric power can be met by other renewables… The Unique Role of Biomass … biomass is our only renewable source of C-based fuels and chemicals

7. Biomass Benefits Abundant Renewable Carbon-neutral Available worldwide Only sustainable source of hydrocarbons Biomass can: Be used with the existing petroleum infrastructure Fill the gap between energy demand and petroleum availability.

8. Established and Emerging Bioenergy Markets –Co-firing, CHP, and small modular power –Sugar, corn & lignocellulosic ethanol –Biodiesel and bio-based lubricants –FTL’s as diesel substitute (Europe) –DME as a substitute for LPG (Asia) Longer-term potential diesel substitute –BTX and aryl ethers from biomass lignin Gasoline blending Chemicals –Biobased plastics and resins (co-product)

9. Biomass Electricity Direct combustion – 9700 MWe Cofiring with Coal – 400 MWe Biomass gasification –Small 3-5 kW systems in field verification tests –Larger systems demonstrated Source: U.S. Climate Change Technology Program. Technology Options. DOE/PI-0002, November 2003 Small Modular Gasification System Biomass Gasification

10. Ethanol Current ethanol sources Made from the starch in corn kernels Available in blended motor fuels Cost ~ $1.22/gal Advanced feedstocks Made from cellulosic materials – corn stalks, rice Technology under development Cost ~ $2.73/gal $1.32/gal Near-term use as a fuel blend Longer-term as a bulk fuel will require energy crops

11. Basics of Biomass Chemistry and the Evolution of Biorefineries

12. Starch: 70-75% (Corn) Readily hydrolyzed Basis for existing U.S. ethanol plants Easily separable and fermentable to fuels & chemicals Oil: 4-7% (Corn) 18-20% (Soybeans) Readily separable from feedstock Starting material for clean biodiesel Readily converted via chemical routes Protein: 20-25% (Corn) 80% (Soybean Meal) Mostly used as a feed Underutilized as a polymer building block Potential feedstock for chemicals and resins Key Constituents of Edible Biomass OH OH O O OH OH OH O O OH OH OH O O OH OH OH O O OH OH OH O O OH OH OH O O OH OH OH O O OH

13. Lignin: 15-25% Complex aromatic structure Very high energy content Resists biochemical conversion Hemicellulose: 23-32% Xylose is the 2 nd most abundant sugar in biosphere Polymer of 5C and 6C sugars Readily hydrolyzed Cellulose: 38-50% Most abundant form of C in biosphere Polymer of glucose Resistant to hydrolysis LignocelluloseConstituents

14. The Biorefinery Concept

15. Focus on Conversion Processes to Enable Integrated Biorefineries Starch Hydrolysis Fermentation of Sugars Glucose Product Recovery Starch Fermentable Sugars Ethanol Chemicals Food Products Animal Feed Products

16. Focus on Conversion Processes to Enable Integrated Biorefineries Starch Hydrolysis Lignocellulosic Biomass Fermentation of Sugars Glucose C5 Sugar(s) C5/C6 Sugars Pre-treatment Cellulose Hydrolysis Product Recovery Starch Fermentable Sugars Ethanol Chemicals Food Products Animal Feed Products

17. Focus on Conversion Processes to Enable Integrated Biorefineries Starch Hydrolysis Thermo-chemical Conversion Lignocellulosic Biomass Lignin Residue Fermentation of Sugars Glucose C5 Sugar(s) C5/C6 Sugars Pre-treatment Cellulose Hydrolysis Product Recovery Starch Fermentable Sugars Ethanol Chemicals Heat & Power Fuels & Chemicals  Pyrolysis Oil  Syn Gas Food Products Animal Feed Products

18. Economic Projection for Lignocellulosic Ethanol

19. Enzymatic Hydrolysis Partnership NREL has worked with Genencor & Novozymes for 4 years –Focusing on enzyme biochemistry, cost, and specific activity –Investigating the interaction of biomass pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis The RESULT: G.T. 10-fold reduction in cost contribution of enzymes ($/gal EtOH) CBH1 from T. reesei E1 from A. cellulotiticus

20. Integrated Biorefinery Partnership Dupont-DOE Integrated Corn Biorefinery Goal: Process Design Package for farmers to produce ethanol, chemicals and power from entire corn plant 4-yr R&D project timeline $38 million (50% from Dupont) Integrated Corn Biorefinery (ICBR) corn corn stover power bioethanol chemicals 400% AAGR Driven by ethanol and demand for Dupont’s Sorona TM polyester