1. What are the major groups? Kingdoms Animals Plants Fungi Prokaryotes Protoctista You need to know the characteristics of the kingdom and examples of each kingdom

2. What is the difference between invertebrates and vertebrates?

3. Snail No internal skeleton = Invertebrate

4. Frog Internal skeleton = vertebrate

5. Taxonomy The science of classification Hierarchical scheme Largest grouping = kingdom Smallest grouping = species

6. Example: Kingdom = Animalia Phylum = Chordata Class = Mammalia Order = Primates Family = Hominidae Genus = Homo Species = Sapiens

7. One of the most significant factors affecting populations. The number of a particular animal is critically dependent on the availability of it’s prey. Presence/absence of significant predator numbers has a dramatic effect on prey populations. Predator/Prey Cycles

8. The Typical Result The predator “tracks” the prey with population peaks later in time than the peaks of the prey. (Predator numbers will always be fewer than prey)

9. The Reason for the Cycle

10. http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/collections/p00 6r1w3#p0074tg3 Parasitic fungi attack http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/collections/p00 57tcr#p004y3c5 Hippo/barbel mutualism ParasitismMutualism Both organisms benefitAn organism that lives on a host organism Negative effects for host SYMBIOSIS-’living together’.

11. Organisms are ADAPTED to the habitat they live in. They have special features that help them to survive. The better adapted an organism it to its habitat, the more successful it will be when competing fro resources e.g. food & mates. This increases the organism’s chance of survival and so increases its chance of reproducing

12. Saguaro cacti have no leaves : Spines for defence and shading of the plant Stem is able to photosynthesise Has a thick, waxy layer which is waterproof, reduces water loss One large root (taproot) descends to a depth of 4/5 ft Gives Saguaro cactus access to water stored deep underground Remaining roots lie 3/4 inches under the Earth surface Easy to collect and absorb rainwater

13. Long eyelashes keep out dust Tough mouth for eating thorny plants Large padded feet to stop sinking into the sand Stores water in stomach Tail scares flies away Light colour to reflect heat Hair on back for shade

14. If there was a disease that killed all the trees died, which animals would survive? Which would become extinct? Why?

15. The idea was first suggested by Charles Darwin over 150 years ago Natural Selection Exam Board Definition: Natural Selection – When certain individuals are better suited to their environment, they are more likely to survive and breed, passing on their characteristics to the next generation.

16. http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Gecko#p0 0cqcl0

17. Reproduction is a very wasteful process. Animals and plants always produce way more offspring than the environment can support. Why? Fruit flies produce 200 offspring every 2 weeks! Survival of the Fittest

18. Population explosion

19. 3 main effects of pollution: global warming ozone depletion acid rain

20. Household waste

21. A scientist surveyed the distribution of lichens She counted the number of different species that grew on tree trunks at various distances from the centre of a polluted city She also measured how much sulphur dioxide there was in the air. Distance to the town centre (Km) 012345678910 Number of different species of lichen 012681030445156 SO2 levels/(arbitrary units) 180160145119937149351150 1)What is the relationship between the distance from the city and the number of lichen species growing? 2)What does this tell you about lichen?

22. Examples of pollution indicators  Air pollutants dissolved in rainwater, especially sulfur dioxide, can damage lichens, and prevent them from growing. This makes lichens natural indicators of air pollution. bushy lichens need really clean air leafy lichens can survive a small amount of air pollution crusty lichens can survive in more polluted air no lichens air is heavily polluted with sulfur dioxide.

23. Which organisms would you expect to find in a clean lake?a polluted lake? Salmon rat tailed maggot Blood worm may fly larva

24. Why do animals become extinct/endangered? ?

25. Skin – used in belts, shoes, handbags and luggage Sinews – used in tennis rackets Teeth – used in buttons, piano keys and jewellery Meat – used in pet food and human food Bone – used in fertilisers Oil – used in alcohol, lipstick, crayons, candles, soap, fertiliser and animal feed