1. Occupational Health

2. Occupational Health
“ It is defined as the promotion and maintenance of highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations.”

3. Why Occupational Health is important?

4. To maintain and promote the physical, mental and social well being of the workers.
To prevent occupational diseases and injuries.
To adapt the work place and work environment to the needs of the workers i.e application of ergonomics principle.
It should be preventive rather than curative.

5. Chemical hazards: Solids, liquids or gases, vapours, fumes, dusts, smoke, mist, fog, or smogs.
Biological hazards: Viruses, rickettsiae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and helminthes transmitted in certain occupations.
Mechanical hazards: Defective design of machinery, defective procedures, unguarded machinery, protruding & moving parts, falling heavy objects & poor ergonomics.
Psychosocial hazards: Type of work, risks involved in work, monotony, long working hours, lack of recognition & job satisfaction, poor man made management, lack of welfare activities, tensions at home & work place

6. Physical hazards in industry
Occupation
Health Effects
Heat
Glass & heavy metal industry, underground mines and textile industry
Heat stroke, hyperpyrexia, exhuation, syncope and cramps
Cold
Armed forces, food processing & preservation industry
Frost bite, Trench foot cyanosis
Light
Mines, driving
Headache, eyestrain nystagmus
Noise
Loud sound producing machinery
Auditory fatigue, permanent hearing loss, nervousness, annoyance, ↑ BP, loss of sleep

7. Hazard Occupation Health Effects
Vibration
Pneumatic drill users
Vibration induced white fingers due to Raynaud’s phenomenon, osteoarthritis of wrists, elbows shoulders
UV radiation
Arc welding
Pain & gritty feeling in eyes
Ionizing radiation
Radiography, radioisotope use, processing of plastics, food preservation, chemical industry & medical research
Cancer, leukaemia, aplastic anemia, pancytopenia

8. Occupational Health Hazards of Agriculture
Exposure
Health Effect
Weather, Climate
Dehydration, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, skin cancer
Snakes, insects
Fatal or injurious bites & stings
Sharp tools, farm equipment
Cuts, hearing impairment
Physical labour carrying loads
Musculoskeletal disorders, soft tissue disorders i.e. back pain
Pesticides
Acute poisonings, neurotoxicity, cancer

9. Exposure
Health Effect
Dusts, fumes, gases, particulates
Eye & respiratory tract irritation, allergic reactions, respiratory diseases such byssinosis, bagassosis, asthma, COPD & pneumonitis
Biological agents & vectors of disease
Skin diseases such as fungal infections, allergic reactions & dermatoses
Schistosomiasis, malaria, leishmaniasis, ascariasis & hookworm
Antrax, bovine TB & rabies

10. Occupational Lung Diseases
(“Condition that develops as a result of person inhaling harmful substances at his or her place of work”)
Occupational Lung Diseases
Pneumoconiosis
Hypersensitivity Diseases
Asthma: Overreaction of airborne pollutants
Inhalation of dust

11. Occupational Exposure
Lung Diseases
Occupational Exposure
Pathogenesis
Silicosis
Silica dust mines: tunnels, quarries, potteries & soap
Fibrosis by silica dust: emphysema, right lung failure, Pulmonary TB
Anthracosis
Coal miners & handlers
Asbestosis
Brake & fire resistant manufacturers
Lung fibrosis: Emphysema
Byssinosis
Cotton dust in cotton industry during spinning & weaving
Allergic reaction :Bronchospasm, Emphysema
& its Cx

12. Occupational Exposure
Lung Diseases
Occupational Exposure
Pathogenesis
Bagassosis
Fibrous residue of sugar cane in
Cardboard and paper industry
Fungal infection leading to acute bronchitis
And broncho pneumonia
Farmers
lung
Agricultural
workers
Fungalinfectionleading to
bronchitisand broncho- pneumonia
Siderosis
Foundry
workers,
grinders and
welders
No tissue reaction or
Functional impairment
Though lungs are loaded with
iron dust.

13. Epidemiology of Industrial Accidents Diseases
Host Factors:
Age
Sex
Experience and education
Concomitant disease
Psychological factors
Personality Traits/Emotional stability
Wearing unsuitable shoes
Carrying improper loads
Faulty stepping
Not using personal Protective measures
Physical defects

14. Agent Factors
Improper planning and construction of factories, Machines, Faulty design, Lack of maintenance
Entanglement of loose clothes and hair
Transmission of Machinery, Speed of Work Processes, Faulty planning
Boiler explosion, Dust explosion, Corrosive materials
Molten metal and Hot liquids
Flying solid particles
Metal grinding
Chipping metal
Electricity

15. Enviornmental factors
Physical
Overcrowding
Defective lighting
Temperature
Ventilation
Humidity
Radiations from surroundings
Pressure
Noise
Vibrations
Ionizing Radiation
Slippery Floors
Uncovered drains
Social
At work place
Domestic
Relationship between
workers and management
Lack of Safety Policy