1. SMAW Welding Section 8 Unit 26

2. Arc Welding Safety Recognize that arc welding produces a lot of heat.
Use equipment according to manufacturers recommendations.
Insure fire extinguishers are available
Provide a first aid kit
Use water filled containers to receive hot metal from cutting operations.
Practice good housekeeping
Use appropriate PPE

3. Arc Welding Safety-cont.
Insure all wiring is correctly installed and maintained.
Remove or shield all combustible materials in work area.
Do not use gloves or clothing which contain flammable substances
Protect others from arc flash.
Protect equipment from hot sparks.
Use a fume collector.
Never work in damp or wet area.
Shutoff power source before making repairs or adjustments, including changing electrode.
Don’t overload the welding cables or use cables with damaged insulation.

4. Arc Welding PPE Helmet Clothing Shade 10 or darker Face protection
Always wear safety glasses underneath
Auto helmet recommended
Clothing
Long sleeves
Button up shirt
Work shoes
Protective apron, sleeves, jackets or pants if available. (Fig 26-6)
The darkness of the lens in the helmet is determined by the welding process and the amperage being used.
SMAW , up to 250 amp
GMAW

5. SMAW Process
The arc temperature over 9,000 oF melts the base metal, the wire core and the coating on the electrode.
The high temperature causes some of the ingredients in the flux to form a gaseous shield.
The electric energy is provided by a special power source.
As the weld cools slag forms on top of the weld puddle.
The slag contains the impurities that were in the weld pool and it retards the cooling rate.

6. SMAW Power Supplies
SMAW requires a constant current (CC) of either DC or AC.
Some power supplies will supply both DC and AC.
Power supply capacity determines the maximum diameter of electrode that can be used.

7. Equipment Power Supply Polarity Switch Power Cord Electrode Holder
Power Switch
Electrode
Amperage
Adjustment
Amperage
Scale
Base Metal
(work Piece)
Ground Clamp
Ground Cable
Electrode Cable

8. Open Circuit Voltage (OCV)
Open circuit voltage is the potential between the welding electrode and the base metal when the machine is on, but there is no arc.
The higher the OCV a machine has, the easier it will be to strike an arc.
Only adjustable of dual control machines.

9. Arc Voltage
Arc voltage is the potential between the electrode and the base metal when the arc is present.
Arc voltage is less than OCV.
Adjustable on dual control machines.

10. Polarity The polarity of an object is its physical alignment of atoms.
The term is often used to describe the positive and negative ends of batteries and magnets.
The negative end has an excess of electrons
The positive end has a deficiency of electrons.

11. Five (5) Common Power Supplies
Transformer
AC only
Rectifier
DC only
Transformer/rectifier
AC or DC
Generator
DC and/or AC
Inverter
AC and DC

12. Striking The Arc Select the best electrode Set the welder (Fig 26-8)
Turn on welder
Warn bystanders
Lower helmet
Start arc (two methods)
Brushing
Tapping

13. Brushing Method
Hold end of electrode about 1/4 - 1/2 inch above the surface.
Lower helmet
Gently brush surface of the metal with the end of the electrode.
When arc starts, lift electrode 1/8 inch.
If electrode sticks, twist it back and forth. If it does not break loose, release electrode from electrode holder.
Do not shut off the welder with the electrode stuck to the metal.
Recommended method for beginning weldors.

14. Tapping Method Set up welder
Hold the electrode at the travel angle and 1/4 - 1/2 inch above the metal.
Quickly lower the electrode until it touches the metal and then lift it 1/8 inch.
More difficult method to learn

15. Arc Welding Bead Nomenclature
Electrode
Flux
Gas
shield
Electrode
metal
Slag
Penetration
Molten
puddle
Bead
Base metal

16. Running Beads Practice running stringer beads
No weaving or pattern.
Remember the electrode burns off as the weld is made.
Speed used should result in a bead 2-3 times wider than the diameter of the electrode.
Cool metal between beads.
Practice holding a long arc for a couple of seconds after striking the arc.
Preheats the weld
Practice filling in the crater.

17. Five (5) Factors of Arc Welding
Heat
Electrode
Electrode angle
Arc length
Speed of travel

18. Five (5) Factors 1. Heat Excessive heat. Insufficient heat.
The arc welder must produce sufficient heat (electric arc) to melt the electrode and the base metal to the desired depth.
The amount of heat produced is determined by the amperage.
Amperage is limited by the diameter of the electrode and the capacity of the welder.
The amount of heat needed to complete the weld is determined by several factors:
Thickness of the metal
Type of joint,
Electrode type
Electrode diameter
Weld position
Excessive heat.
Electrode easier to start
Excessive penetration (burn through)
Excessive bead width
Excessive splatter
Electrode overheating
Insufficient heat.
Hard to start
Reduced penetration
Narrow bead
Coarse ripples

19. Five (5) Factors 2. Electrodes
The SMAW process uses a consumable electrode.
Electrode must be compatible with base metal.
Electrodes are available for different metals.
Carbon steels
Low alloy steels
Corrosion resisting steels
Cast irons
Aluminum and alloys
Copper and alloys
Nickel and alloys
Another useful group of electrodes is hardsurfacing.
NEMA color coding
System of of colors on the end or dots on the bare wire indicating the class of electrode.
Not very common today.
AWS numerical coding
Most popular method.

20. American Welding Society (AWS) Classification System
The AWS system distinguishes the tensile strength, weld position and, coating and current.
Manufactures may and do use there own numbering system and produce electrodes that do not fit in the AWS system.

21. Welding Currents
Not all electrodes are designed to work with all currents.
Common SMAW currents.
Alternating Current (AC)
Direct Current straight polarity (DCSP) or (DCEN)
Direct Current Reverse polarity (DCRP) or (DCEP)

22. Arc Welding Electrode Flux
Flux: A material used during arc welding, brazing or braze welding to clean the surfaces of the joint chemically, to prevent atmospheric oxidation and to reduce impurities and/or float them to the surface. (British Standard 499)
Seven (7) Classifications of Flux constituents
Protection from atmospheric contamination
Fluxing agents
Arc initiators and stabilizers
Deoxidizes
Physical properties of the flux
Fillers and metallic additions
Binders and flux strength improvers

23. Electrode Grouping
Electrodes are also grouped according to there performance characteristics.
Fast-freeze
Mild steel
Quick solidification of weld pool
Deep penetrating
Recommended for out of position welds
Deep penetrating arc
Fast-fill
Highest deposition rate
Stable arc
Thick flux
Flat position and horizontal laps only
- Fill-freeze
General purpose electrodes
Characteristics of fast-freeze and fast-fill
Low hydrogen
Welding characteristics of fill-freeze
Designed for medium carbon and alloy steels

24. Selecting Electrode Size
The optimum electrode diameter is determined by the thickness of the base metal, the welding position and the capacity of the welding power supply.
A diameter of 3/32 or 1/8 inch can be used on metals up to 1/4 inches thick without joint preparation.
ROT: the diameter of the electrode should not exceed the thickness of the metal.
A smaller diameter is usually recommended for out of position welding.
When completing root passes in V-joints, a smaller diameter maybe used and then a larger diameter is used for the filler passes.

25. Electrode Storage
Electrodes are damaged by rough treatment, temperature extremes and moisture.
The should be kept in their original container until used.
They should be stored in a heated cabinet that maintains them at a constant temperature.
The storage of low hydrogen electrodes is very critical.
Designed to reduce underbead cracking in alloy and medium carbon steels by reducing the the amount of hydrogen in the weld pool.
The flux is hydroscopic--attracts moisture (H2O).
Moisture in the flux also causes excessive gasses to develop in the weld pool and causes a defect in the weld caused worm holes.

26. Five (5) Factors 3. Electrode Angle
The electrode angle influences the placement of the heat.
Two angles are important:
Travel
Work
The travel angle is the angle of the electrode parallel to the joint.
The correct travel angle must be used for each joint.
Beads = 15o from vertical or 75o from the work.
Butt joint = 15o from vertical or 75o from the work.
Lap joint = 45o.
T joint = 45o.
Corner = 15o from vertical or 75o from the work.

27. Five (5) Factors Electrode Angle-cont.
The work angle is the angle of the electrode perpendicular to the joint.
The appropriate angle must be used for each joint.
Beads = 90o
Butt joint = 90o
Lap joint = 45o
T joint = 45o
Corner = 90o
The work angle may need to be modified for some situations.
For example, a butt joint with two different thickness of metal.

28. Five (5) Factors 4. Arc Length
The arc length is the distance from the metal part of the electrode to the weld puddle.
The best arc length is not a fixed distance, but should be approximately equal to the diameter of the electrode.
Arc length can be adjusted slightly to change the welding process.
Excessive length
Excessive spatter
Reduced penetration
Poor quality weld
Insufficient length
Electrode sticks
Narrow weld
Poor quality weld

29. Five (5) Factors 5. Speed of Travel
The speed of travel (inches per minute) is an important factor when arc welding.
The best speed of travel (welding speed) is determined by several factors:
The size of the joint,
The type of electrode
The size of the electrode
The amperage setting on the machine
Deposition rate of the electrode (cubic inches per minute)
The deposition rate of an electrode will change with the welding amperage.

30. Five (5) Factors 5. Speed-cont.
The ideal speed can be calculated using the volume of the joint and the deposition rate of the electrode.
Step one: determine the area of the weld. (Assuming 1/16 inch penetration.)
Step Two: knowing the deposition rate of the electrode, determine the welding speed. (Deposition rate = 2.5 in3/min.)

31. Five (5) Factors 5. Speed-cont.
The correct welding speed is indicated by the shape of the ripples.
Too slow = excessive width, excessive penetration
Too fast = narrower width, elongated ripple pattern, shallow penetration.
Recommended = width 2-3 times diameter of electrode, uniform ripple pattern, full penetration.

32. SMAW Joints

33. Square Groove
A butt joint can be completed with a groove welded on metal up to 1/8 inch thick with a single pass on one side, with no root opening.
Electrode manipulation should only be used to prevent burning through.

34. Square Groove Thicker Metal
A groove weld on metal up to 1/4 inch thick can be welded with a single pass on one side but, if possible, it should be completed with a single pass on both sides.
Metal this thick requires a root opening to achieve adequate penetration.
Electrode manipulation will reduce penetration.

35. Single V Groove Weld
Butt joints on metal greater than 1/4 inch thick require joint preparation.
Note that the groove does not extend all the way. A short distance, called the root face, is left undisturbed.
The amount of joint preparation is dependent on the diameter of the electrode and the amperage capacity of the power supply.
Several different combinations of passes can be used to complete this joint.
The purpose of the joint preparation is to compensate for not having sufficient amperage and electrode diameter.
Note: this is the principle use of pattern beads.

36. T-Joints

37. Information
In a T-joint the two welding surfaces are at an angle close to 90 degrees from each other.
The welding side and number of passes uses depends on the thickness of the metal, the welding access and capacity of the power supply.
Common joints include.
Plane T
T with joint gap
Single preparation
Double preparation

38. Plane T-Joint The plane T joint is very useful for thin metal.
Can be completed at angles other than 90 degrees.
Can be completed with metal of different thickness.
The work angle must be changed to direct more heat to the thicker piece.

39. T-joint--Thicker Metal
When the metal thickness exceeds 1/8 inch the recommendation is to gap the joint.
Improves penetration
May not be necessary if larger diameter electrode is used and sufficient amperage is available.
The need for a joint gap varies with the type of electrode, but should not exceed 1/8 inch.

40. T-joint Single Single Bevel
As with other joints, thicker metal must have joint preparation to achieve full penetration with smaller diameter electrodes.
Several different preparations can be used. A popular one is the bevel.
A bevel can be completed by grinding or cutting.
The bevel joint can be completed with electrode manipulation or no electrode manipulation.
When when electrode manipulation is used to fill the joint, the first pass should be a straight bead with no manipulation.

41. T-joint Double Bevel
The double bevel T-joint is recommended for metal 1/2 inch thick and thicker.
The root passes should be with not manipulation, but the filler passes can be completed with either straight beads or patterns beads.
Alternating sides reduces distortion.

42. Weld Defects

43. Common SMAW Defects Hot cracks Undercutting Porosity Slag inclusions
Caused by excessive contraction of the metal as it cools.
Excessive bead size
May also be found at the root of the weld.
Slag inclusions
Long arc
Incomplete removal of slag on multipass welds.
Undercutting
improper welding parameters; particularly the travel speed and arc voltage.
Porosity
Atmospheric contamination or excess gas in the weld pool.

44. SMAW Weld Defects-cont.
Incomplete fusion
Toe cracks
Microcracks
Underbead cracks
Toe Cracks
Excessive heat and rapid cooling.
Underbead cracks
Excessive hydrogen in weld pool
Microcracks
Caused by stresses as weld cools.
Incomplete fusion
Incorrect welding parameters or welding techniques.

45. Questions