1. Annamari Antikainen-Kokko Åbo Akademi Centrum för Sydostasiatiska Studier Kaakkois-Aasian poliittishallinnolliset järjestelmät 21.3.2000

2. Contents What is Southeast Asia? Pre-colonial Southeast Asia, political tradition Colonial influence, emergence of the new state Present day Southeast Asia, legitimacy of the state

3. What is Southeast Asia? Geographic description Cultural, linguistic, religious diversity World War II definition Cold War division ASEAN-10

5. I. Pre-colonial Southeast Asia Buddhist Kings Vietnamese Emperors Malay Sultans Javanese Kings Barangay societies in the Philippines

6. State-sangha relations

7. II. Colonial influence Spanish Philippines French Vietnam Dutch East Indies British Malaya Siam during colonial period

8. New elite under colonial rule careerists, job-hunters associationists, bridge-builders constitutionalists, emerging bourgeoisie revolutionaries, masses and their demands

9. Spanish Philippines Crown and the Cross Propaganda movement, Katipunan Federalista Party Nacionalista Party Hukbalapah

10. French Vietnam Annam, Tonkin, Cochinchina Parti Constitutionaliste, 1917 Viet Nam Quo Dan Dang Dong Duong Cong San Dang, 1929 Viet Minh, 1941 Lao Dong, 1954 Can Dao Nhan Vi Cach Manh Dang Front National De Liberation, FNL

11. British Malaya Federated Malay States (FMS), Unfederated Malay States (UMS) Kesatuan Melayu Muda Malay Association,1938 United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) Malayan Communis Party, MCP, 1930

12. Dutch East Indies Regents; Lurah; Batavia santri, abangan, priyayi Sarekat Islam Perserikatan Kommunis Indonesia, PKI Perserikatan Nasional Indonesia; PNI Partai Rakyat Indonesia

13. Colonial Siam Economic concessions, administrative reform 1932 Constitutional monarchy

14. III. Legitimacy of the state State philosophy Constitution Political Leaders Parliament Political parties Political processes Army

15. State philosophy in Southeast Asia Brunei: National Philosophy of Melayu Islam Beraja (Malay Islamic Monarchy dating from 100 AD) Cambodia: "pluralist liberal democracy" Indonesia: National Philosophy of "Panca Sila" (five principles), "Unity in Diversity” Laos: "multi-sector" market economy Malaysia: National Philosophy of Rukunegara

16. Pancasila (1945) Belief in the one and only God Just and civilised humanity Unity of Indonesia Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations amongst the representatives Social justice for the whole of the people of Indonesia

17. Rukunegara (1969)

19. Present constitutions in Southeast Asia Brunei: 1959 Constitution Cambodia: 1993 Constitution Indonesia: 1945 Laos: 1991 Constitution Malaysia: 1957 Constitution Myanmar: 1974 Philippines: 1987 Constitution Singapore: 1959 Constitution Thailand: 1997 Constitution Vietnam: 1992 Constitution

20. Constitutional Governments in Southeast Asia Kingdoms: Cambodia, Thailand Republics: Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore Socialist: Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Lao People's Democratic Republic Without definition: Brunei, Malaysia, Myanmar

21. Head of State and Government Kingdoms: King and Prime Minister Republics: President (and Prime Minister) Socialist: President, Prime Minister and Communist Party Brunei and Malaysia: Yang di Pertuan (and Sultan/Prime Minister) Myanmar: : Chairman of State, Peace and Development Council and Prime Minister

22. Legislatures in Southeast Asia Cambodia: National Assembly Indonesia: House of Representatives Laos: National Assembly Malaysia: House of Representatives Philippines: House of Representatives Singapore: Parliament Thailand: National Assembly Vietnam: National Assembly Brunei and Myanmar: none

23. Parties/Political Organisations in Southeast Asia None: Myanmar One party: Brunei, Brunei National Solidarity Party; Vietnam: Communist Party of Vietnam (Dang Cong San VietNam several: Laos: with a special role provided in Constitution for the Lao People's Revolutionary Party; Malaysia: the ruling coalition Barisan National (BN) under the leadership of UMNO (Baru) since 1974; Singapore: People's Action Party (PAP) ruling since 1959 Many: Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand