1. CITRIS 2011 Intelligent Water Infrastructure Initiative - IWII Groundwater Initiative Goals: Accomplish first-rate research on groundwater hydrology: infiltration, recharge, storage and water quality changes End-to-End a Groundwater Resource Information & Technology Network to improve resource management Front-end: Managed Aquifer Recharge Network (MARNet) sensing system prototypes Back-end: Intelligent data storage, analysis and resource management system USGS PP #1766

2. CITRIS 2011 Rationale  Population and climate change projections point to changing snow pack (key annual storage)  Increasing surface impoundments is costly, impractical; good sites are taken, political challenges, env. impacts  California groundwater is consistently over-drafted, especially in dry years, yet provides the best option for new supply  Our understanding of when and where recharge occurs is vague Data from DWR’s California Water Plan Update (2009)

3. CITRIS 2011 Scientific Challenges  Connection between surface water infiltration and groundwater recharge is not well understood  Large time scales for groundwater basins (hard to observe)  Heterogeneity of subsurface challenging to characterize  Simulation models difficult to validate and maintain  Recharge and GW storage require local assessment  Each basin is different, local collaboration needed  Connections between SW-GW, water supply and quality  California lacks statewide statutory structure  As enshrined in state constitution, groundwater is mostly unmanaged  Individual basins have to develop customized approaches based on local hydrology, climate, costs, politics

4. CITRIS 2011 Technical Challenge: Cyber-infrastructure  Sensor systems are being demonstrated in isolated pilot studies, and a physical MARNet monitoring network is feasible  Creating a transferrable system will require common:  Sensors and deployment methods  Data and metadata standards  First-order and near-real time analyses (e.g. raw data  flux)  Simulation modeling approaches  Integrating software environment  Data archiving, cleaning, gap-filling, resampling  Model calibration, validation, forecasting (including automation)  Systems analysis: optimal water resource management tools

5. CITRIS 2011 5 MARNet Mission Technology for rapid, accurate assessment of groundwater resource changes In/outflow, ET, infiltration, recharge, groundwater migration Intensively instrumented model sites distributed throughout California (and other water stressed regions of the world) Automated data visualization, analysis Render groundwater resource management easy and transparent Replicate this model locally and integrate regionally to provide an exemplary resource managemetn network Varying geography, hydrogeology, land use, etc. Explore natural and engineered infiltration- recharge

6. CITRIS 2011 6 Sensor system conceptual diagram  A multi-scale design of local mesh network(s) and cellular/satellite gateway(s)  High granularity pressure/depth, flow, temperature, salinity, soil moisture, and meteorological parameters  Low granularity water quality sensors, and supporting sampling program adapted from

7. CITRIS 2011 7 Potential partners, pilots and funding strategies  Establish management partners first based on established relationships, desire for collaboration  Not all districts/municipalities want outside help – focus on a few type locations where we can make rapid progress, demonstrate success  Identify regional partners so that UC personnel can be on site a lot – required to establish commitment, gain trust, design and maintain proper networks, work with locals on adjusting operations, take advantage of opportunities  Work with a variety of management units, from large systems that are part of statewide transfers (e.g., KWB) to smaller basins that are “off the grid” and managing their resources independently (e.g., PVWMA).

8. CITRIS 2011 8 Next Steps  Achieve state support of the idea that an information infrastructure is a critical element of the State Water Plan with respect to groundwater monitoring  Build a public-private consortium to fund the development of a prototype system by 2015  Build political support for continued funding of water supply intelligent infrastructure investment by California  Establish partnerships to begin discussion and collaboration, move forward where/when possible

9. CITRIS 2011 9 Current research assets  Four prototype data collection systems:  Sierra Nevada Snowpack project (Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory, American River Observatory) led by Profs. Roger Bales, UCM, and Steven Glaser, UCB  Coastal Aquifer Recharge projects led by Prof Andrew Fisher, UCSC  Delta Drifter project led by Prof. Alex Bayen, UCB  Delta Levee Safety project led by Prof. Ray Seed, UCB

10. CITRIS 2011 10 Real-time monitoring of Managed Aquifer Recharge  The Problem: GW recharge is highly variable in space and time  The Goal: Determine patterns of recharge in real time to assist with operations of MAR systems.  The Solution: Heat is used as a tracer to map out timing and locations of infiltration Water quality assessed in percolation pond and monitoring wells Data telemetered back to base station in real time, posted at web site for rapid assessment and analysis of infiltration Water is diverted from nearby wetland, infiltrates into underlying aquifer

11. CITRIS 2011 11 IWII Groundwater Team  Steven Glaser, Faculty Director, Berkeley  Andrew Fisher, Santa Cruz  Graham Fogg, Davis  Tom Harmon, Merced