1. Lecture 6C- 15 FEB. 2015
PROTEINS

2. DIETARY INTAKE RECOMMENDATIONS
DRI grams of protein per kg body weight/day
healthy adults (19 and up)
percent of daily calories from protein
-compare to % from carbohydrate
-compare to % from fat

3. PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION (PEM)
Kwashiorkor
Ghanian word
Marasmus
means to waste away

4. PEM CONTINUED KWASHIORKOR PURE PROTEIN DEFICIENCY
KWASHIORKOR
PURE PROTEIN DEFICIENCY
-world wide –affects all ages
-swollen liver and hence belly
-LOW protein-HIGH fibre diet
-adequate energy intake
-growth/immune issues
-nutrient absorption

5. MARASMUS ENERGY DEFICIENCY All nutrients including protein low in diet
ENERGY DEFICIENCY
All nutrients including protein low in diet
Wasting-use of fat stores
Growth issues-brain growth in first year potential for reduced intelligence and learning disabilities

6. PROTEINS IN HEALTH-continued CANCER
CANCER
animal studies- initially believed to be soy protein that inhibited breast cancer but this turned out to be false
- actually isoflavones doing the job
- one isoflavone binds to estrogen receptor reducing impact of estrogen
-estrogen (hormone replacement) has been linked to breast cancer

7. PROTEINS IN HEALTH-continued HEART DISEASE
HEART DISEASE
-increased dietary protein and reduced dietary fat
-generally decreases blood cholesterol levels
-however animal protein tends to raise blood cholesterol while plant protein tends to decrease blood cholesterol

8. PROTEINS IN HEALTH-continued DIABETES
DIABETES
10-15 % caloric intake as protein- appropriate
diabetics tend to consume more protein than non-diabetics
- this can lead to kidney disease
soy protein and other plant proteins improve kidney
function in diabetic kidney disease compared to
animal proteins

9. PROTEINS IN HEALTH-continued OSTEOPOROSIS
Pathology-loss of bone mass
In west, very high protein intake beyond recommended levels -this results in increased urinary calcium output
Over a wide range of protein intakes for every 1 g
increase in dietary protein get 1 mg increase in urinary calcium output
So get higher levels of osteoporosis even with good calcium intakes

10. PROTEINS IN HEALTH-continued BLOOD PRESSURE
Intervention studies show no relation with dietary amount or type
But individual amino acids like tryptophan or tyrosine decrease blood pressure in animals due to increases in blood pressure dropping neurotransmitters
Arginine-may drop blood pressure due to blood vessel relaxation
Also issue of reducing fat intake

11. PROTEINS IN HEALTH-continued KIDNEY FAILURE
Pathology- urea
High protein diet suggested by some to increase progression of kidney disease to endpoint- controversial
Higher protein intake associated with increased
kidney blood flow and filtration function-promotes renal failure

12. PROTEINS IN HEALTH-continued IMMUNE RESPONSE
IMMUNE RESPONSE
Protein malnutrition
-selective effects on immune cells- resulting in decreased immune function
   
-decreased immune maturation

13. PROTEINS IN HEALTH-continued IMMUNE RESPONSE continued Amino acids
IMMUNE RESPONSE continued
Amino acids
-arginine important for immune response
-glutamine used for energy and DNA
synthesis in immune response cells

14. Athletes and protein supplements
Just eat more to meet increase energy needs and will get more protein in diet to meet increased demands on protein metabolism
Whey protein and other amino acid/protein
supplements are a waste of time and money for athletes and anybody else- supplements are expensive
-cheaper to get protein in a good diet.

15. WHAT IS NEW IN PROTEIN NUTRITION RESEARCH?
Gougeon R. Insulin resistance of protein metabolism in type 2 diabetes and impact on dietary needs: a review.
Canadian Journal of Diabetes Apr;37(2):
“the challenge remains to define the optimal protein intake and exercise regimen to protect from losses of muscle mass and strength while maintaining adequate glucose control in type 2 diabetes.”